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Thinking

Thinking. Twice. Fast Cognition, Slow Cognition, and the Challenge of Critical Thinking. Critical thinking in professional contexts. ?. What is expert thinking? How does ‘expert error’ happen? What moderates expert error?. A Tale of Three Diagnoses. Vertigo. Dr. Dark

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Thinking

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  1. Thinking Twice Fast Cognition, Slow Cognition, and the Challenge of Critical Thinking

  2. Critical thinking in professional contexts ? • What is expert thinking? • How does ‘expert error’ happen? • What moderates expert error?

  3. A Tale of Three Diagnoses

  4. Vertigo • Dr. Dark • Dr. Hope • Dr. Sage

  5. Vertigo • Dr. Dark

  6. Vertigo • Dr. Dark • Dr. Hope • Dr. Sage

  7. Otoliths and the Epley maneuver

  8. Critical thinking in professional contexts ? • What is expert thinking? • How does ‘expert error’ happen? • What moderates expert error?

  9. What is Expert Thinking?

  10. Expert thinking / Novice thinking • Pattern recognition

  11. Pattern recognition? Cognitive crystallization

  12. Routine Expertise / Flexible expertise • Explore analogies with systems they understand better. • Search for potential discrepancies in the analogy. • Access intuitive mental models based on visual and kinesthetic intuition. • Investigate the target system with extreme case arguments, pushing parameters to zero or infinity. • Construct a simpler problem of the same sort.

  13. Routine Expertise / Flexible expertise

  14. Fast cognition / Slow cognition Deliberate reasoning piecing together outputs of fast cognition and provoking further fast-cognition operations Rapid pattern recognition and cognitive crystallization, quick intuitive assembly of interpretations • “Thinking twice” – a dual processing model

  15. Fast cognition / Slow cognition Black box (es) White box • “Thinking twice – a dual processing model

  16. Dual processing in action • What to do? – Maybe this! • Will it work? – Imagine it! • Maybe not – What else to do? • (increasing elaborative processing) Recognition-Primed Decision Making

  17. Familiarity zones Harvard Square Union Square Red Square

  18. Familiarity zones

  19. SummaryWhat is expert thinking? • Expert thinking / Novice thinking • Pattern recognition / Cognitive crystallization • Routine expertise / Flexible expertise • Fast cognition / Slow cognition • Black box(es) / White box • We live here / We visit here / We’re new here

  20. How does ‘expert error’ happen?

  21. Insights / illusions of fast cognition • A deliberate cognitive illusion

  22. Insights / illusions of fast cognition • Natural cognitive illusions

  23. Insights / illusions of fast cognition • Natural cognitive illusions

  24. Insights / illusions of fast cognition • Natural cognitive illusions • A penny saved is worth more than a penny earned.

  25. Insights / illusions of fast cognition • Natural cognitive illusions Survival rates versus morality rates

  26. Insights / illusions of fast cognition Sunk costs • Natural cognitive illusions Opportunity costs Hindsight bias Confirmation bias

  27. Insights / illusions of fast cognition • The grand illusion The click of closure

  28. What moderates ‘expert error’?

  29. Naïve expertise / critical expertise • Thinking Twice! • Alert Searching for anomalies • Skeptical Scanning for evidential weaknesses and counter evidence • Exploratory Seeking alternative interpretations

  30. Abilities / Dispositions • Alert Searching for anomalies • Skeptical Scanning for evidential weaknesses and counter evidence • Exploratory Seeking alternative interpretations

  31. Abilities / Dispositions • Key finding • The moderating function of the slow mind tends to be uncorrelated or only weakly correlated with measures of cognitive ability.

  32. Familiarity zones

  33. Familiarity zones Dr. Dark

  34. SummaryHow does ‘expert error’ happen / What moderates expert error? Insights / Illusions of fast cognition Naïve expertise / Critical expertise Abilities / Dispositions

  35. Avoiding Dr. Dark Some Morals for Learning

  36. Particular morals • Learn about troublesome cognitive illusions – framing effects, etc. • Cultivate deliberate critical patterns – e.g. efforts to tell counterstories, ask ‘what if not’ • Foster reviews of thinking, as with the military ‘after action review’ • … and so on

  37. The Big moral • Slow cognition is not just for building up fast cognition. • It has its own critical function that needs to be developed. • Slow cognition is not just an ability, a bundle of skills and strategies. • It is very much a disposition, a bundle of attitudes and alertness. Especially in its function of moderating expert error.

  38. Think Twice!

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