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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE. Introduction. (Based on text: David A. Patterson & John L. Hennessy, Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface , 3 rd Ed., Morgan Kaufmann, 2007 ). COURSE CONTENTS. Introduction Instructions Computer Arithmetic Performance

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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

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  1. COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE Introduction (Based on text: David A. Patterson & John L. Hennessy, Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface, 3rd Ed., Morgan Kaufmann, 2007)

  2. COURSE CONTENTS • Introduction • Instructions • Computer Arithmetic • Performance • Processor: Datapath • Processor: Control • Pipelining Techniques • Memory • Input/Output Devices

  3. INTRODUCTION Overview the Computer Systems Evolution of Memory and Processor Historical Perspective Levels of Representation

  4. A Desktop Computer • A desktop computer (left figure) • Motherboard, I/O interface board, board for memory chips, power supply, disk drives (right figure)

  5. Inside a PC Patterson & Henessey, Morgan Kaufmann 2007

  6. PC Motherboard • Intel Pentium 4 processor - upper left, covered by metal fins (heat sink) • Main memory DRAM – middle, small board perpendicular to mother board (DIMMs) • The rest – mostly connectors for external I/O devices

  7. Branch Control Data cache Integer data- path Instruction cache Bus Floating- point data-path Processor Chip - 1 • Earlier Intel Pentium Chip

  8. Processor Chip - 2 • Intel Pentium 4 Intel Pentium 4 – die photo (Henessey & Patterson, Morgan Kaufmann 2003) Intel Pentium 4 with 3 GHz - package (intel 2003)

  9. Processor Chip - 3 • Intel Pentium 4

  10. Application software System software Hardware Hardware / Software • Hardware: physical components • System software: operating system, compiler, .... • Application software: PowerPoint, spreadsheet, ...

  11. CPU Datapath Output Input Memory Control Five Classic Components of a Computer + Network • Datapath: performs arithmetic & logic operation • Control: tells datapath, memory, I/O what to do according to instructions • Memory: stores programs + datacache (SRAM): small & fastDRAM: main memoryoptical disk (CD, DVD), magnetic disk, FLASH, magnetic tapes: secondary, nonvolatile • Input: inputs instructions, data, etc.; e.g. keyboard, mouse (electromech  optical), disk... • Output: outputs results, information, etc.; e.g. monitor (flat-panel LCDs or CRT), printer, disk, … • Network: communicates with other computers, resource sharing, non-local accesses; e.g. LAN, Internet, ... Network

  12. A Historical Perspective • 1946:J. Presper Eckert & John Mauchly (U. Penn.) announced ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator). It used vacuum tubes and performed 1900 adds/sec • John von Neumann joined Eckert & Mauchly and built EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), a stored-program computer • 1948: U. Manchester built Mark-I, first operational, stored-program computer • 1949: Maurice Wilkes (Camb. U.) built EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator), first full-scale, operational, stored-program computer • 1940s: Other pioneers include Konrad Zuse (Germany), Alan Turing (UK) • 1940s: Howard Aiken (Harvard) built Mark-III & Mark-IV, with separate memories for instructions & data, hence Harvard Architecture • 1947: Whirlwind started at MIT, using magnetic core memory • 1951: 1st successful commercial computer, UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer), built and sold (Remington-Rand / Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corp.) • 1952: IBM shipped IBM 701

  13. A Historical Perspective • 1964:IBM Syst/360. IBM/360 architectures dominated large computer market • 1965: DEC unveiled PDP-8, 1st commercial minicomputer • 1971: Intel invented 1st microprocessor, Intel 4004 • 1963: Seymour Cray at CDC announced CDC 6600, 1st supercomputer • 1976:Cray announced Cray-I, then fastest supercomputer • No single fountainhead for personal computer • 1977: Apple II by Steve Jobs & Steve Wozniak set stds for low cost high volume • 1981: IBM announced IBM PC and became the best-selling computer of any kind; its success gave Intel the most popular microprocessor and Microsoft the most popular operating system • 1990s: Multimedia, networks, Internet, embedded processors, graphics, etc. • 2000 - : Wireless & mobile (e.g. cell phone), 3-D graphics, multimedia (e.g. video), Internet, GHz processors, embedded, dual-core, quad-core, multi-core, etc. • 90s, 2000 - :Architectural techniques: Superscalar, dynamic pipelining, speculative execution, VLIW, multithreading, multi-core arch, etc.

  14. Intel 80x86 History • 1978: Intel announced 8086 16-bit architecture (an extension to 8080 8-bit) • 1980: Intel announced 8087 floating point co-processor • 1982: Intel announced 80286, with address-space extended to 24 bits • 1985: Intel announced 80386, a 32-bit architecture • 1989: Intel 80486, with improved performance, pipelining • 1992: Intel Pentium, improved performance • 1995: Intel Pentium Pro, improved performance (> 100 MHz) • 1997: MMX extension, set of instructions to accelerate multimedia & communication applications • 1998: Intel Pentium II • 1999: Intel Pentium III • 2000: Intel Pentium III > 1 GHz, competition from AMD, Pentium IV (11/00) • 2002: Intel Pentium IV > 3 GHz (3.06 GHz) with multithreading and 0.13 micron technology • 2005: Intel Pentium D (dual-core version of Pentium 4 Extreme) - 2 independent execution units onto same processor • 2006-07: Intel Quad-Core, 65 nm technology

  15. Technology Trends - 1

  16. Technology Trends - 2 • Moore’s law: transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months

  17. Multithreading & Multi-core CPUs • Threads (threads of execution) - a programforks itself into 2 or more simultaneously (or pseudo-simultaneously) running tasks • Multiple threadscan be executed in parallel on many computers: • Single processor - by time slicing when a single processor switches between different threads, so fast as to give the illusion of simultaneity • Multiprocessor or multi-core system - achieved via multiprocessing, different threads & processes run simultaneously on different processors or cores. • Multi-core CPUs: • Multi-chip approach - cores are made by different chips that are put together in a single package. Cores communicate using front side bus. L2 cache is separated • Monolithic approach - Cores are manufactured in only one chip, do not need to use front side bus. Memory cache is shared between the two cores. Better performance

  18. Assembler Linker Loader Object: Machine language modu. Executable: Machine language prog. Levels of Representation • temp = v[k];v[k] = v[k+1];v[k+1] = temp; • lw $15, 0($2)lw $16, 4($2)sw $16, 0($2)sw $15, 4($2) • 00000000101000010000000000011000 High level language program Compiler Assembly language program Object: Library routine (machine lang.) Memory

  19. SUMMARY • Overview the computer systems • Five classic components of a computer • Evolution of memory and processor • Computer technology trends • Levels of representation

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