Chapter 10

1. Chapter 10 The Coming of the Civil War 1846-1861

2. Section One: Sectional Differences Slavery North • Most northerners believed that all humans should have the right to choose their own destiny and to follow God’s laws • Uncle Tom’s Cabin (video) • written by Harriet Beecher Stowe was about slave life in the south. • Portrayed evil, cruel slave master Simon Legree. • Stowe had never been to the south or on a plantation. • Northerners took this book as the truth and spurred the abolitionist movement

3. Sectional DifferencesSlavery Cont. South • Many southerners were outraged by Stowe’s book, claiming it was a false portrayal of southern slave holders • Southerners argued that they took better care of their slaves than the northern industrialists owners did of their workers

4. Sectional DifferencesTransportation & Communication North • 70% of all railroad track by 1860 • Telegraph lines were strung along railroad tracks giving the north more efficient communication • By 1860 – 110,000 factories, produced $1.6 billion worth of goods

5. Sectional DifferencesTransportation & Communication South • Doubled and re-doubled the length of track in the 1850s but still less developed than north • By 1860 – 20,000 factories, produced $155 million worth of goods • Only stats higher than north – more slaves and produced more cotton

6. Section Two: The Mexican War & Slavery Extension • Manifest Destiny – obvious or undeniable fate. By 1840s this was used to overspread and to possess the whole continent • 1845 – Texas was Annexed by the United States

7. War with Mexico • President Polk wanted to add Mexican territory to the American southwest. He sent 3,000 American troops to disputed territory in Texas. Mexican troops attacked the American troops giving the President and Congress the excuse to declare war on Mexico. Battles were fought in Texas, California and in Mexico

9. Section Two Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – signed in 1848 after the American capture of Mexico City the defeat of Santa Anna’s troops. • Mexico gave up claim on Texas and set US/Mexico boundary as Rio Grande River • Mexico gave up claims on New Mexico and California • US paid Mexico $15 million • US agreed to pay claims to US citizens against Mexico ($3 million)

10. Section Two • Gadsen Purchase – Purchase of present-day Arizona and New Mexico for $10 million from Mexico • Question facing Congress – will slavery be allowed in newly acquired territories? Decision could sway the power in Congress to North or South • Wilmot Proviso – amendment forbidding slavery in newly acquired territories. Amendment didn’t pass

11. Section Three: New Political Parties • What to do about the slavery issue in the new territories? • Missouri Compromise of 1820 – any state north of 36 30’ N latitude would be free states. Still didn’t settle the issue of new territories

12. Section Three • 1850 California requested statehood – slave or free? • Compromise of 1850-Proposed by Henry Clay • California = free state • People in New Mexico and Utah would decide the slavery issue in those territories • abolish the sale of slaves, but not slavery in Washington, D.C. • Implement Fugitive Slave Law – require all US citizens to assist in the return of slaves who had escaped and deny a jury trial to escaped slaves

14. Section Three • John C. Calhoun, senator from South Carolina • Vocally opposed this compromise • Worried that the North was gaining control of the Government with it’s growing population and discriminating against the south • Believed the southern states had the right to leave the Union if that were necessary for their own protection

15. Section Three • Compromise of 1850 satisfied neither side • Fugitive Slave Act made matters worse

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19. Section Three • Kansas-Nebraska Act • Supported Popular Sovereignty (letting the people of the territory decide whether they were to become free or slave state • Creation of Republican Party • Against extension of slavery, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Fugitive Slave Act

20. Section Four: The System Fails “Bleeding Kansas” 1856 video • Free-soilers and proslavery organizations clashed over the issue of slavery in territories • John Brown – believed he was chosen by God to end slavery. • Killed five men in a proslavery community • “Bleeding Sumner” – Rep. Sen. of Mass. spoke in Congress condemning the proslavery violence, specifically against Sen. Andrew Butler of South Carolina. • Butler’s nephew responded by beating Sumner with a cane at his Senate desk

21. Section Four Dred Scott v. Sandford • Dred Scott and his wife had lived in states where slavery was illegal, therefore, they should be free • U.S. Supreme Court decided against Scott

22. Section FourDred Scot Decision cont. • In this ruling the Justices stated: • that slaves were not citizens and had no right to sue in court • Living in a free state or territory, even for many years, did not free slaves • Found Missouri Compromise unconstitutional • Slaves were property of their owners and they could not be denied their property without due process of law according to the 5th Amendment

23. Section Four Lincoln-Douglas Debates Campaigning for Senator of Illinois • Stephen Douglas – “Little Giant” • Believed African Americans were inferior to white Americans • Believed that white Americans had the absolute right to choose society and government • Supported Popular Sovereignty

24. Section Four Lincoln-Douglas Debates cont. • Abraham Lincoln • Self educated, grew up poor, self-taught lawyer • Believed that the majority should not have the power to deny the minority their rights to life, liberty and pursuit of happiness • Debates centered around nation-wide issues: Majority Rule, Minority Rights

25. Section Four Lincoln-Douglas Debates cont. • Lincoln gained a large following, but Douglas won the Senatorial seat • John Brown’s Raid video • 1859 attacked a federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia • Hoped to seize the weapons and give them to enslaved people so they could rebel • Colonel Robert E. Lee and troops killed ½ of Brown’s men • John Brown was sentenced to hang

27. Section 5 • Election of 1860 • Democratic party split on the issue of slavery in the territories • Candidates: • Southern Democrat – John C Breckinridge • Northern Democrat – Stephen A Douglas • Republican – Abraham Lincoln • Constitutional Union – John Bell • Many southern ballots excluded A. Lincoln • Election proved the split between North and South was beyond repair

29. Lower South Secedes • Lincoln wins election without any electoral votes from the south • South felt they had lost their voice in government. Felt that since they had voluntarily joined the Union, they could also choose to leave the Union • Lower (deep) South – Tx, La, Miss, Al, Fl, Ga, SC

30. Section 5 cont. • December 20, 1860 SC officially leaves the Union • Six other states follow soon after • Created new nation – Confederate States of America (Confederacy) • Jefferson Davis – President of Confederacy

31. War Begins • Numerous compromises fail • Can the south leave the Union? Will the new President use force? Slavery question? • March 4, 1861 – Lincoln’s Inaugural Address – stated that it was his job to preserve, protect and defend the Union

32. Fort Sumter • Federal fort in South Carolina harbor • Union ship sent to re-supply the fort • Confederate soldiers under the command of P.G.T. Beauregard fired upon the fort demanding surrender • April 12, 1861 Confederates opened fire on the fort • Fort Sumter surrenders 34 hours later • video

33. Upper South Secedes • Lincoln had no choice but to defend the Union after shots were fired and asked for volunteers to fight the seceding states • Upper South secedes – Va, NC, Tn, Ar • Division between North and South could not be solved peacefully • Could the Union be restored by force?