Computer Organisation, Generations & Current Trend

1. Computer Organisation,Generations & Current Trend Prof. Sujata Rao Session 3

2. The C P U Control Unit Main Memory Input Arithmetic&Logic Unit Output Auxiliary & Backup Store Store Storage Device Retrive Display Output Central Processing Unit ( C P U )

3. Main Memory Supervisory Memory Read Only Memory (R O M ) Control Unit BIOS Main Memory Appln Prgm Exec Prgm O/S User memory Arithmetic&Logic Unit Random Access Memory ( R A M ) for Read & Write

4. R O M 1. Masked ROM 2. P R O M 3. E P R O M 4. E E P R O M (R O M ) BIOS Supervisory Memory Control Unit Main Memory Appln Prgm Exec Prgm O/S Random Access Memory ( R A M ) for Read & Write Arithmetic&Logic Unit User memory D A T A

5. 4 Type of R O M • Masked R O M – • A bit pattern is permanently recorded. • Specialised Manufacturing Process. • Very Expensive • P R O M - Programmable Read Only Memory • Can be programmed by User • Using PROM Prgm can burn the fuses according to the bit pattern - “Burning the PROM” • E P R O M – Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. • Info stored is Semi-Permanent. • Can be erased by exposing the memory to Ultra Violet Rays. • Can be programmed again • Most commonly used

6. E E P R O M – Electricity Erasable - Programmable Read Only Memory • Similar to EPROM • Info can be altered using electrical signals • Manufacturing process is quite complex • Not commonly Used • Very Expensive E A P R O M - Electricity Alterable - Programmable Read Only Memory

7. Types of Computer Analog Digital Hybrid • Analog - Solves Problem by operating on contineous Variables. • Digital - performs arithmetic, logical & comparative functions on info in digital form • Combines features of Analog & Digital

8. Generation of Computers • 1st - Tubes & Vales, large in size, Slow operating Speed, Limited Programming Capacity, Short Life Span, Generated lot heat • 2nd - Transistors , smaller in size, faster speed, lesser in cost & High reliability • 3rd - Semiconductors, CHIP made of IC’s in mid 60’s, increased ALU capability, ability to perform parallel operation, improvement of instructions, much smaller , reduction in cost drastically • 4th - silicon chips, high resolution monitors, graphics improved,speed improved, size & cost reduced.

9. The C P U

10. Super Grids • Made by universities and the military (Virginia Tech with 1100 Apple G5 dual processors, for example) and other clusters of less powerful machines with Linux special OSs for parallel processing.

11. Types Of Hardware & Software Prof. Sujata Rao Session 4

12. Types of Computer • Grid Computer • Super Computer • Mainframes • Mini Computer • Microcomputer • Terminal Embedded Computer

13. Super Grids • Made by universities and the military (Virginia Tech with 1100 Apple G5 dual processors, for example) and other clusters of less powerful machines with Linux special OSs for parallel processing.

14. Super Computer CDC 6600 designed by Seymour Cray (First commercially successful supercomputer-speed of 9 megaflops)

15. Supercomputers Cray Research-CRAY I vector architecture (designed by Seymour Cray, shaped the computer industry for years to come), Cray 1 - 1976 (courtesy Cray Inc.)

16. Thinking Machines, The Connection Machine, as this model is called, contains 64,000 CPUs

17. Players in the supercomputing arena • In 40 years (2004) there are but a few players left in the supercomputing arena: • Cray • Dell • HP (absorbed: Amdahl, Compaq who ate Digital) • IBM • NEC • SGI • Sun

18. Companies • IBM 3090 VPF.Evans • Sutherland ES-1, • Fujitsu VP-400E, • NSFnet established Apollo, Ardent, and Stellar Graphics Supercomputers, • Hitachi S-820/80, Hypercube simulation on a LAN at ORNL,CRAY Y-MP, • Tim Berners-Lee: World Wide Web project at CERN • Seymour Cray: Founds Cray Computer Corp.-Begins CRAY 3 using gallium arsenide chips • Bell Labs - Optical Processors • Intell - Paralell Processors

19. Mainframes Eniac (1946) Mark I mainframe (1950's) BINAC(1960's)

20. Mainframe Mainframe is an industry term for a large computer. The name comes from the way the machine is build up: all units (processing, communication etc.) were hung into a frame. Thus the main computer is build into a frame, therefore: Mainframe

21. Manufacturers • Amdahl, • Burroughs, • CDC • Cray, • Fujitsu, • Hitachi, • Hewlett Packard, • IBM, • Intel, • NEC, • SGI, • Sun, • Texas Instruments, • Thinking Machines • Univac

22. Objective • A mainframe has 1 to 16 CPU's (modern machines more) • Memory ranges from 128 Mb over 8 Gigabyte on line RAM • Its processing power ranges from 80 over 550 Mips • It has often different cabinets for • Storage • I/O • RAM

23. Separate processes (program) for • task management • program management • job management • serialization • catalogs • inter address space • communication

24. Objective • centralized computing opposite from distributed computing. Meaning all computing takes (physically) place on the mainframe itself: the processor section . • main purpose is to run commercial applications of Fortune 1000 businesses and other large-scale computing purposes.

25. IBM 4381 mainframe processor from 1985