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RISK ASSESSMENT

RISK ASSESSMENT. Emissions. Transport and Fate. Concentrations. Exposure. Dose. Dose-response Relationship. Health Risk. Schematic overview of a Health Risk Assessment. EMISSIONS. The Problem

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RISK ASSESSMENT

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  1. RISK ASSESSMENT

  2. Emissions Transport and Fate Concentrations Exposure Dose Dose-response Relationship Health Risk Schematic overview of a Health Risk Assessment

  3. EMISSIONS

  4. The Problem • There are some 100,500 (European Inventory of Existing Commercial Substances (EINECS) chemicals in current commercial production, with approximately 1000 being added each year. • Of these, perhaps 500 to 1000 substances are of environmental concern because of their presence in detectable quantities in various components of the environment, their toxicity, their tendency to bioaccumulate, their persistence or their potential for long range transport to regions remote from their location of use.

  5. Environmental Pollutants • Existing Chemical Substances : • Macrocontaminants: (O3 , SO2 , CO, CO2 , NOx, PM) • Microcontaminants • Drugs • Pesticides • Industrial Chemicals • Food additives • Pathogens

  6. TOXIC COMPOUNDS • Metals: • Carcinogens: As, Cd, Cr, Ni • No carcinogens: Hg, Pb • Semivolatile Organic Compounds: • PAHs: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons • PCBs: Polychoro biphenyl • PCDD/Fs: Polychloro dibenzo dioxins and Polychloro dibenzo furans • PCNs:Polychlorinated Naphtalenes • Volatile Organic Compounds: VOCs • Pesticides

  7. Heavy Metals • Mercury: • Organic : CH3Hg+,(CH3)2 Hg • Inorganic: Hg0, Hg2+, Hg22+ • Arsenic: organic and inorganic • Lead • Nickel • Chromium: Cr+3 ,Cr+6

  8. Mercury Global emissions to atmosphere : 106 kg/y • Primary antropogenic fonts: (10-30% of total emissions) • coal-fired power plants • metal smelting • incinerators • choroalkaly production • alkaline batteries • termometers • municipal waste combustor • Natural fonts: • volatilization from soil and water • weathering o bedrock • volcanic emissions

  9. Elementary mercury *High vapor pressure: is not considered to accumulate in soil can absorb to plants *Low solubility in water *Residence time in atmosphere: 1 year Deposition flux is not considered in air dispersion models because deposition flux to soil appears negligible *Human intake: via inhalation *Affections: System nervous (irritability, insomnia, headaches, memory loss) Affection to kidney an respiratory system

  10. Methyl- mercury (CH3Hg+) • High lipid solubility • Ability to passively diffuse plasma membranes • Main route of human exposure: • Ingestion of contaminated fish and vegetables

  11. Air, water, sediment mercury distribution

  12. Mercury Soils Grass

  13. Arsenic • Use : • * In production of semiconductors • * Agriculture • Antropogenic input: copper smelting • coal combustion • Natural emissions:volatilization from soil • volcanic activities • Toxicology • Chronic exposure increase lung cancer and skin tumors

  14. Arsenic Soils Grass

  15. Chromium • Use: *Catalyst in ammoniac synthesis • *Production of alloys and steels • *Leader treatment • Chromium (III) is an essential element in humans • Chromium (VI) is highly toxic • Inhalation of Cr (VI) • 1.- Affects respiratory tract: bronchitis, decreased pulmonary • function, pneumonia, asthma • 2.- Cause lung cancer

  16. Chromium Soils Grass

  17. Lead • Use: • Pb-pigments • Additive to gasoline • Accumulators • Radiation protection • Sources:Anthropogenic sources contribute 1 to 2 orders of magnitude greater than natural sources to lead emissions. • Health effects: tiredness, headache, myasthenia and anemia. • - On the blood pressure and interference with vitamin D. • - On the intelligence and on the neuropsychological performance.

  18. Lead Grass Soils

  19. Ni in soil Ni in grass 1.4 1.6 15.6 18 1.2 1.4 16 13.06 1 1.2 14 0.8 0.8 10.1 1 12 8.7 mg/kg d.m 0.8 10 mg/kg d.m 7 8 0.6 6 0.4 4 0.2 2 0 0 New MSWI Cement plant New MSWI Cement plant Rural + residential Old MSWI + urban Old MSWI + industrial Rural + residential Old MSWI + urban Old MSWI + industrial Pb in soil Pb in grass 3.5 100 2.9 80.9 3 80 2.2 2.5 50.9 60 2 mg/kg d.m mg/kg d.m 32.2 1.5 0.9 40 22 0.6 0.6 16.1 1 20 0.5 0 0 New MSWI New MSWI Cement plant Cement plant Rural + residential Rural + residential Old MSWI + urban Old MSWI + urban Old MSWI + industrial Old MSWI + industrial

  20. Characteristics of (POPs) Toxic Substances • Toxicity • Accumulate in the bodies of animals when ingested: (bioacumulation) • Increase in concentration as they move up the food chain: (biomagnification) • Persistence: ability to exit unchanged for years • Potential for long-range transport

  21. Destilation process

  22. SEMIVOLOTILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS • PAHs: Polyharomatic Hidrocarbons • PCBs: Polychlorinated biphenils • PCDD/Fs: Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) • PCNs : Polychlorinated Naphthalenes • PBDE: Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Chemical structure of decabromodiphenyl ether

  23. POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs) • Antropogenic input: • Incomplete burning (coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage, tobacco and charbroiled meat). • Surface water through discharges from industrial plants and waste water treatment plants. • Released to soils at hazardous waste sites if they escape from storage containers. • Routes of exposure: inhalation, dermal, oral • Stored in: kidneys, liver, and fat. • Smaller amounts in spleen, adrenal glands, and ovaries.

  24. PAHs considered as toxic (17) • There are more than 100 different PAHs

  25. PAHs Released to the atmosphere:are subject to short- and long-range transport and are removed by wet and dry deposition onto soil, water, and vegetation. In surface water: can volatilize, photolyze, oxidize, biodegrade, bind to suspended particles or sediments, or accumulate in aquatic organisms (with bioconcentration factors in the 10-10,000 range). In sediments:can biodegrade or accumulate in aquatic organisms. In soil:can volatilize, undergo abiotic degradation (photolysis and oxidation), biodegrade, or accumulate in plants. PAHs in soil can also enter groundwater and be transported within an aquifer.

  26. PCBs • Are a family of 209 chemical compounds • Uses: . Between 1930 and 1970, 1.4 billion pounds of PCBs were manufactured in the United States. • -Dielectric fluid • -Flame retardant • -Industrial lubricant fluid • -Electrical insulators in transformers, capacitors, and other electrical equipment

  27. Characteristics of PCBs • High toxicity • High persistence • Very stables • Resistant to acid o strong base hydrolysis • No biodegradable • Insoluble in water • Very soluble in organic solvents

  28. PCBs • Biological effect: • -Hepatic damage • -Dermal disorders • -Reproductive toxicity • -Teratogenicity • -Reproductive problems • -Lower fertility • -Changes in appearance or behavior • -Hepatic cancer • -Breast cancer

  29. PCDD/Fs • Although 210 different congeners exist, only 17 are considered toxic: Polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) (7) • Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-furans (PCDFs) (10) • The most toxic : 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) • Production source emissions: • Natural :volcanoes and forest fires • Antropogenic:as by-product of a number of human activities including combustion processes • Adverse effects: • Reproductive and developmental disorders • Suppression of the immune system • Cancer.

  30. Processes that generate dioxins: • Fuel combustion, • Waste combustion, • Chemical manufacturing, • Pesticide manufacturing, • Wastewater disinfection, • Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) manufacturing, • Chlorine pulp and paper bleaching • Non-combustion sourcesof dioxin include : • Operations such as chemical and pesticide manufacturing processes, • Wastewater treatment operations (including land application of • biosolids/sludge) • Metal smelting and refining • Elemental chlorine pulp and paper bleaching • Pressure treated wood manufacturing.

  31. PCDD/Fs in soil 14 11.7 12 10 8 ng ITEQ/kg d.m 6 3.6 4 0.9 0.7 0.3 2 0 New MSWI Cement plant Rural + residential Old MSWI + urban Old MSWI + industrial PCDD/Fs in grass 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.2 1 0.7 ng ITEQ/kg d.m 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0 New MSWI Cement plant Rural + residential Old MSWI + urban Old MSWI + industrial

  32. Soils Herbage

  33. Volatile Organic Compounds • They are 125 compounds regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act. • Halogenated alkanes (chloromethane, di... • Halogenated alkenes (chloroethene..) • Aromatic Hydrocarbons (benzene, styrene, naphtalene..) • Halogenated aromatics (chlorobenzene..) • Others (aldehides and nitriles)

  34. Pesticides • Use: to kill nuisance organisms • Types: • - Herbicides: Kill weeds and other plants • - Insecticides: Kill insects • - Fungicides: Kill fungi • Characteristics: • Toxic • Bioaccumulative • Persistent

  35. Pesticides: • Organophosphate pesticides • Carbamate pesticides • Organichlorine insecticide • Characteristics: Toxic, bioaccumulative and persistent

  36. http://www.eper.cec.eu.int

  37. EPER is the European Pollutant Emission Register - the first European-wide register of industrial emissions into air and water. 9342 industrial facilities of the Member States of the EU Have an inventory of the principal emissions coming from the principal industrial complex enclosed in the 96/61/CE Directive (IPPC).

  38. Homework Report. Theme 2 Web page: EPER (http://www.eper-es.com) European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER). Theme 2.- Look for information about the following chemical products: Benzene, Phenols, Tetrachloroethylene, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons a) Industrial activities that emit theses compounds to air and water b) kg /year of all European industries c) % Emitted by Spain

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