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Cycles of the Earth

Cycles of the Earth. Hydrological Cycle. Taxonomy of Clouds. Luke Howard (1772-1864), Britain. Fitzroy and the Weather Forecast. In the British Navy and responsible for weather reports Coined phrase Weather Forecast Convinced that barometer readings foretell tomorrow’s weather

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Cycles of the Earth

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  1. Cycles of the Earth

  2. Hydrological Cycle

  3. Taxonomy of Clouds Luke Howard (1772-1864), Britain

  4. Fitzroy and the Weather Forecast • In the British Navy and responsible for weather reports • Coined phrase Weather Forecast • Convinced that barometer readings foretell tomorrow’s weather • Committed suicide after he was ridiculed by the press and the Admiralty dropped the need for forecasting Vice-Admiral Robert Fitzroy (1805-1865), Britain

  5. High and Low Pressure

  6. Cyclonic Circulation

  7. Collision of Air Masses

  8. Ocean Currents

  9. Movement of the Air Hadley cell named for George Hadley (1685-1768) tried to explain why trade winds seemed to flow to the west

  10. Climate Conveyor

  11. Global Climates

  12. El Niño & Gilbert Thomas Walker 1868-1958; England & India

  13. Chemical Cycle: Carbon

  14. Chemical Cycle: Oxygen

  15. Chemical Cycle: Nitrogen

  16. Ice Ages

  17. Evidence of Glacial Action • Moraines • Glacial Till and Flour • Erratics • U-Shaped Valleys Jean LouisRodolpheAgassiz (1807-1873); Switzerland and USA Proposed Europe had been subjected to an Ice Age (1837-1840)

  18. Svante August Arrenius • Developed theory of Greenhouse Effect to explain Ice Ages • 1896 calculated how changes in CO2 concentration could change climates 1859-1927; Sweden

  19. James Croll • Used the formulas developed by Le Verrier on planetary orbital variations • Developed a theory about orbital variations influencing the amount of snow • Orbital eccentricity should cause ice ages on a 22,000 year cycle • Largely dismissed by end of the 19th Century 1821-1890; Britain (Scotland)

  20. MilutinMilanković • Cannon of the Earth’s Insolation • Explanation of changes in Earth’s climate by interactions of three planetary cycles 1879-1958 (a Serb) born in Kingdom of Hungary and died in Yugoslavia

  21. Milanković Cycles • Eccentricity of earth’s orbit (Kepler’s theory) has a 100,000 year cycle from 0.005 (nearly circular) to 0.058 (mildly eliptical) • Axial tilt has a 41,000 year cycle (tilt changing from 22.1o to 24.5o ) • Precession has a 23,000 year cycle (suggested by Hipparchus in 130 BCE)

  22. Inference of Climate Based on Temperature Proxies Pollen Tree rings Ice cores Ratio of oxygen isotopes Corals Diatoms and foraminifera

  23. Rock Cycle Magma Crystallization (freezing) Igneous rock Erosion Sedimentation Sediments & sedimentary rock Tectonic burial and metamorphism Metamorphic rock Melting Defined by Hutton and Lyell and modified by John TuzoWilson (1908-1993), Canada. His Ph.D. advisor: Harry Hess Rock cycle explained by erosion and action of plate tectonics

  24. Using Steno’s Laws, attempt to interpret geological strata by relative time

  25. Jean Léopold Nicolas FrédéricCuvier& Alexandre Brongniart • Together studied geology of Paris basin • Defined concept of faunal succession • Theory of cycle of repeated catastrophes Cuvier (1769-1832) France Brongniart (1770-1847) France

  26. William ‘Strata’ Smith • Surveyor • Strata of coal mines and canals • Used principle of faunal succession to define layers • Life’s work: Geological map of England and Wales 1769-1839, England A plate of Smith’s fossils

  27. Roderick Impey Murchison, 1st Baronet • Independently wealthy, urged by Humphry Davy to turn his focus to science • Became interested in the geology of Wales, England, Alps, Russia, Scotland • Helped define the Silurian, Devonian, and Permian Systems 1792-1871, Britain (Scotland)

  28. Adam Sedgwick • Cambridge University faculty (ordained in the Church of England) • Defined Cambrian system • Worked with Murchison to define Devonian in England and on the system in the Alps • Charles Darwin was his student who helped to define the sequence of Cambrian rocks in Wales 1785-1873, England

  29. Radiometric dating provides absolute time to strata

  30. Geological Time Scale

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