Bell Ringer

1. Bell Ringer • What are some differences between North and South in the years before the Civil War?

2. Renewing the Sectional Struggle Chapter 18

3. Election of 1848: General Lewis Cass Zachary Taylor Whig Hero of the Mexican War No official stance on slavery, but owned many slaves Clay had too many enemies • Democrat • Hero of the War of 1812 • Supported popular sovereignty (safe and diplomatic)

4. Campaign Mud-Slinging • General Cass’ supporters tried to paint Taylor as a heartless mercenary, who slaughtered thousands of Mexican soldiers. • He still won.

5. Issues in the Election of 1848 • Popular sovereignty: citizens of each territory would determine the statutes of slavery. • Free Soil Party: • Nominated Van Buren • Antislavery Northerners • Supported federal aid for internal improvements

6. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty • British influence in Central America was strong and even growing, despite the Monroe Doctrine • Clayton-Bulwer Treaty stated that neither the U.S. or Britain would take over the area without the other’s agreement.

7. Zachary Taylor • Dates in Office: March 4, 1849-July 9, 1850 • Nicknames: Old Rough and Ready • Political Party: Whig • Major Events: • Clayton-Bulwer Treaty • Died in office from cholera

8. Millard Fillmore • Dates in Office: July 10, 1850 - 1853 • Nicknames: The Accidental President • Political Party: Whig • Major Events:

9. California Joins the Union • The overall result of the Gold Rush was that California had enough people to become a state almost overnight. • Bypassed the territorial stage, drafted a Constitution and prepared to join the union as a free state • Would have disrupted the 15-15 balance in the Senate

10. End of an Era • Congressional Debate of 1850 to address the possible admission of CA and threats of secession by Southerners. • The “Immortal Trio” spoke at the forum: • Clay – The Great Compromiser, suggested compromise • Webster – supported compromise and a stricter fugitive slave law • Calhoun – the Great Nullifier, suggested to leave slavery alone, but elect two presidents – one from the North and one from the South

11. Compromise of 1850 • Stricter Fugitive Slave Law enacted (“Bloodhound Bill”, no testifying or jury trial, whites that aided escapees fined or jailed, $5 for freedom-$10 for return for officials) • Northerners passed “Personal Liberty Laws” to get around the FSA • Popular sovereignty in Mexican Cession lands (negates MO Comp.) • Admission of CA as a free state; NM and UT allowed to decide by popular sovereignty • The slave trade was abolished in D.C., symbolically shows that the nation is taking a stance on the subject

12. Expansion in the Pacific • Americans had always expanded the nation by moving west, so it seemed only natural to look to the Pacific when looking for new markets. • Commodore Matthew C. Perry led four American warships to Japan to convince them to trade with the US in the Treaty of Kanagawa • Japan was impressed by the technology and firepower, causing them to not only begin trade with the US, but to update their own technology to compete with western nations. • America would go on to annex a number of islands in the Pacific • Annex: to incorporate a territory into the domain of a city, country, or state.

13. Millard Fillmore • Dates in Office: July 10, 1850 - 1853 • Nicknames: The Accidental President • Political Party: Whig • Major Events: • Compromise of 1850 • Commodore Perry’s Mission to Japan

14. End of the Whigs – Election of 1852 Franklin Pierce Winfield Scott Whig Mexican-American War hero Supported both the Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Law Party split over supporting the cause or the candidate End of the Whigs • Democrat • Supported both the Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Law

15. Franklin Pierce • Dates in Office: 1853-1857 • Nicknames: Young Hickory of the Granite Hills, Handsome Frank • Political Party: Democrat • Major Events:

16. Sectionalism on the rise! Causes of the Civil War

17. North Cultural Differences South

18. “Cotton is King!” • Slavery was dying out, but the invention of the cotton gin prompted the plantation owners to keep their slaves as they now produced a high profit harvesting cotton • The South controlled Britain because 75% of Britain's cotton came from the South

19. The Planter Aristocracy • The antebellum South was more of an oligarchy-a government ran by a few (the planter aristocracy).  The dominance of aristocracy in the South widened the gap between the rich and poor; aristocrats made all the decisions in their favor in government. • The Southern plantation wife often commanded a sizable household staff of female slaves. Oak Alley Plantation

20. House Slaves • House slaves were in charge of cooking, cleaning, serving meals and caring for children • Generally were dressed better and had better housing accommodations than field slaves; often used as nursemaids for children, and affectionately referred to as “Mammy.”

21. SouthernMyth

22. Division of Slave Population In 1860 only about 25% of Southerners owned slaves.

23. Slaves to the Slave System • The economic structure in the South became increasingly monopolistic.  The plantation system was very financially unstable.  The temptation to over-speculate (no profit w/material held) in land and slaves caused many planters to plunge into debt.

24. The White Majority • ¾ of Southern white population didn't own slaves.  These whites were supported slavery because they wanted to eventually own a slave or two and achieve the "American dream" of moving up socially in society.  • The poor nonslave-holding whites were known as "poor white trash”, “rednecks,” and “crackers.” • Next came the mountain whites (“hillbillies”) who lived in the valley of the Appalachian range.  Civilization hadn't reached them yet, and they supported Abraham Lincoln's Union party. Miss Hanrahan's Missour-uh relatives?

25. Issues States Rights Issues

26. Political Divisions • The Constitution (3/5 Compromise) favored the South • Agricultural lifestyle of the South created an environment of individualism and a distrust towards authority.

27. An Escalating Problem 36°30’ What do these decisions have in common?

28. Competition for Kansas • Popular sovereignty: citizens of each territory would determine the statutes of slavery. • Free Soil Party: Antislavery Northerners determined to keep new territories from admitting slavery.

29. Kansas-Nebraska Act • The Kansas–Nebraska Act (1854) created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine through Popular Sovereignty whether they would allow slavery within each territory. • The unspoken understanding during the Kansas-Nebraska Act was that Kansas would go slave and Nebraska free.

30. BleedingKansas • Bleeding Kansas: The name given to a series of violent political clashes between free-soilers and “border ruffians” over slavery in the Kansas Territory. • Free-soilers were sending loads of settlers to Kansas. • When the election rolled around, pro-Southern "border ruffians" jumped over from Missouri to Kansas to "vote early and vote often." • The South "won" the election for Kansas to become a slave state. Free-soilers cried foul and set up their own government.

31. Bleeding Kansas • With the chaos and violence, Kansas was being called "Bleeding Kansas." • Kansas had a large enough population by 1856 to apply for statehood. The pro-slavery government wrote up the Lecompton Constitution which could be approved "with" or "without slavery." But, even if "without slavery" were chosen, slave-owners already present would still be protected. Thus, Kansas would have slaves either way. • Abolitionist felt this vote was bogus, boycotted the election, and thus the Lecompton Constitution . It was sent to Washington D.C. for approval. • Pres. James Buchanan gave his approval, but the Senate had to approve the Constitution. • Stephen Douglas felt the election wasn't true popular sovereignty due to the irregularities of the voting. • The end results were (a) the Democratic party was terribly divided, (b) Kansas was now left in limbo—somewhere in between a territory and a state, and (c) the slavery question was still not answered.

32. “Bully” Brooks • Tension and passion from Bleeding Kansas worked into Congress. Sen. Charles Sumner (northern abolitionist) insulted the family of a South Carolina congressman. • Preston Brooks, a fellow Congressman and relative the criticized, took offense to Sumner's comments. Brooks reasoned that he should challenge Sumner to a duel, but duels were only for gentlemen and Sumner's comments revealed that he was no gentleman. A beating was what Sumner deserved, at least as Brooks figured. • So, "Bully" beat Sumner with a walking cane. Sumner was severely injured, and Brooks was expelled from Congress only to get re-elected in the next election. • The results of this poor behavior were (a) Sumner's "Crime Against Kansas" speech became a rallying point for the North, (b) Brooks became something of a Southern cult hero, and (c) it became clear that compromise was now over (and replaced by Bleeding Kansas, name-calling, and cane-thwacking).

33. Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

34. Dred Scott Decision • Dred Scott was a Missouri slave whose owner moved (with Scott) to Illinois and Wisconsin, then back to Missouri. Dred Scott sued for his freedom arguing that since he'd lived in free states, he was free. • The Chief Justice Taney’s decision said • Dred Scott (and all slaves) was not a citizen and therefore not entitled to sue. • Said Scott was to remain a slave until he was freed by his master. • Concluded the Missouri Compromise had been unconstitutional all along • Slavery could now invade the North without obstacles; The South fought for “states’ rights,” which ended up limiting the rights of the northern states.

35. Bell Ringer • What was the issue in the Dred Scott case? What did this mean for Northern States?

36. Rising Abolitionism

37. Free Blacks: Slaves Without Masters • Many free blacks settled in New Orleans.  • In the South, the free blacks were prohibited from having certain jobs and forbidden from testifying against whites in court.  They were known as the "3rd Race."  • In the North, the free blacks as individuals were hated more than in the South – seen as competition for cheap labor (hated by the Irish).  • White southerners liked the black as an individual, but hated the race.  The white northerner professed to like the race, but disliked the individual.

38. Plantation Slavery • By 1860 there were nearly 4 million slaves in America. • Because the price of "black ivory" (slaves) was so high, slaves were smuggled into the South despite the importation of African slaves into American ended in 1808.  Most slaves were the offspring of slaves already in America. • Planters regarded slaves as major investments, and often were spared the most dangerous work – that was reserved for worthless Irish immigrants. • A large enslaved mulatto population emerged from the forced relations of white masters.

39. Life Under the Lash • "Black Belt"- region where most slaves were concentrated; the Deep South. • Conditions varied from region to region, farm to farm • Often worked from dawn to dusk • Whipped for slow work or insubordination • No civil or political rights • Blacks managed to sustain family life in slavery. • “Until death or distance do you part” • Blacks molded their own distinctive religious forms from a mixture of Christian and African elements. • Negro Spirituals • Santeria

40. The Burdens of Bondage • Slaves were not permitted to read because reading brought ideas and ideas brought discontent. • Slavery in the South was known as the "peculiar institution.“ • Idea of black “laziness” came from slowed work pace

41. Underground Railroad • Harriet Tubman: most famous “conductor”; nicknamed “Moses” • Negro Spirituals used as code to help slaves escape to freedom • A stricter Fugitive Slave Law pushed by Southerners in Congress

42. Methods of Rebellion • Slaves rebelled by breaking tools, working at a slower pace, stealing from their masters, or feigning sick. • Nat Turner’s Rebellion: A failed slave rebellion that resulted in the deaths of 50 whites and demands for stricter laws on punishments for rebellious slaves.

43. Nat Turner’s Rebellion • Nat Turner, a slave owned by Joseph Travis of Southampton, Virginia, believed that he had been chosen by God to lead a slave rebellion. In February 1831, an eclipse of the sun convinced Turner that this was a supernatural sign from God to start an insurrection. Turner and about seven other slaves killed Travis and his family to launch his rebellion. In all, about 50 whites were killed. • Turner had hoped this his action would cause a massive slave uprising but only 75 joined his rebellion. Over 3,000 members of the state militia were sent to deal with Turner's gang, and they were soon defeated. In retaliation, more than a hundred innocent slaves were killed. Turner went into hiding but was captured six weeks later. Nat Turner was executed on 11th November, 1831.

44. Consequences for Slaves

45. The South Lashes Back • In 1832, southern states were moving to make the emancipation of any kind illegal.  The Southerners argued that slavery was supported by the Bible(there were slaves in Egypt, • The Gag Resolution required all anti-slavery appeals to be tabled without debate in the House of Representatives. • In 1835, the government ordered the southern postmasters to destroy abolitionist material due to anti-abolitionist mobbing and rioting at a postal office in Charleston, South Carolina.

46. Harriet Beecher Stowe “So this is the little lady who started this war.” -- Abraham Lincoln

47. Uncle Tom’s Cabin • A novel dramatizing the cruelties of slavery • It touched readers emotionally and created widespread antislavery support among northerners. • Sold 300,000 copies inthe first year.

48. Different perspectives of the book: Northerners Southerners “What a horribly cruel system!” “What kinda Yankee abolitionist propaganda is this?!”

49. Early Abolitionism • American Colonization Society- founded in 1817; focused on transporting the blacks back to Africa. • Republic of Liberia- founded in 1822 as a place for former slaves. • The Second Great Awakening inflamed the hearts of many abolitionists against the sin of slavery. • Theodore Dwight Weld- abolitionist; wrote the pamphlet American Slavery As It Is (1839) – an earnest plea for abolition.

50. Radical Abolitionism • William Lloyd Garrison- wrote a militantly anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator; •  one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society • Promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States • Publicly burned a copy of the Constitution.