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The Third Century: Crisis or Transition?

Explore the political, military, and economic challenges in the third century of the Roman Empire. From imperial turnovers to constant warfare, discover the interrelated crises shaping this era of change.

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The Third Century: Crisis or Transition?

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  1. The Third Century: Crisis or Transition?

  2. The Third Century: Crisis or Transition? • Interrelated Crises

  3. The Third Century: Crisis or Transition? • Interrelated Crises • A. Imperial Turnover: From military monarchy to military anarchy

  4. Marcus Aurelius (161-180 CE) Stereotypical “good emperor”

  5. Where things begin to go wrong: His incompetent son, Commodus (180-192), (featured in the recent film Gladiator)

  6. Another of the “bad” emperors: Carcalla (211-217 CE)

  7. Damnatio Memoriae:  Carcalla "erases" his brother Geta

  8. Maximinus Thrax (235-238) First of the "Soldier Emperors" (235-284)

  9. The Third Century: Crisis or Transition • Interrelated Crises • Imperial Turnover: • From military monarchy to military anarchy • B. Constant Warfare

  10. The Third Century: Crisis or Transition • Interrelated Crises • A. Imperial Turnover: • From military monarchy to military anarchy • B. Constant Warfare • 1. Persians in the East • 2. Germans in the north & west

  11. The Persian King Shapur captures the Roman Emperor Valerian, without even unsheathing his sword (260 AD):

  12. Emperor Valerian (253-260), captured and bowing before the Persian king, Shapur I

  13. The Third Century: Crisis or Transition? • Interrelated Crises • A. Imperial Turnover: • From military monarchy to military anarchy • B. Constant Warfare • 1. Persians in the East • 2. Germans in the north & west

  14. Decius, 249-251

  15. The Third Century: Crisis or Transition? • Interrelated Crises • A. Imperial Turnover: • From military monarchy to military anarchy • B. Constant Warfare • 1. Persians in the East • 2. Germans in the north & west • C. Growth of the Army

  16. The Third Century: Crisis or Transition? • Interrelated Crises • A. Imperial Turnover: • From military monarchy to military anarchy • B. Constant Warfare • 1. Persians in the East • 2. Germans in the north & west • C. Growth of the Army • D. Economic Plight: Debasement of the Coinage

  17. Silver Denarii: TRAJANUS DECIUS 249–251 AD Reverse: Dacia standing left holding staff with head of ass

  18. The Third Century: Crisis or Transition? • Interrelated Crises • A. Imperial Turnover: • From military monarchy to military anarchy • B. Constant Warfare • 1. Persians in the East • 2. Germans in the north & west • C. Growth of the Army • D. Economic Plight: Debasement of the Coinage • Crisis or Transition?

  19. Roman Assimilation: Syrian Romans

  20. Egyptian Romans

  21. Jewish Romans

  22. The Third Century: Crisis or Transition? • Interrelated Crises • A. Imperial Turnover: • From military monarchy to military anarchy • B. Constant Warfare • 1. Persians in the East • 2. Germans in the north & west • C. Growth of the Army • D. Economic Plight: Debasement of the Coinage • Crisis or Transition?

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