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Understanding Syntactic Features in Linguistics

Explore how syntax, morphology, heads, and gaps play crucial roles in linguistic analysis. Learn about rule generation, parsing, and verification perspectives for forming sentences. Discover the significance of heads in morphological analysis and selectional restrictions in sentence structure.

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Understanding Syntactic Features in Linguistics

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  1. Syntactic Features Morphology, heads, gaps, etc. 600.465 - Intro to NLP - J. Eisner

  2. 3 views of a context-free rule • generation (production): S  NP VP • parsing (comprehension): S  NP VP • verification (checking): S = NP VP • Today you should keep the third, declarative perspective in mind. • Each phrase has • an interface (S) saying where it can go • an implementation (NP VP) saying what’s in it • To let the parts of the tree coordinate more closely with one another, enrich the interfaces: S[features…] = NP[features…] VP[features…] 600.465 - Intro to NLP - J. Eisner

  3. S NP VP Verb NP Examples Verb  thrills VP Verb NP S  NP VP A roller coaster thrills every teenager 600.465 - Intro to NLP - J. Eisner

  4. 3 common ways to use features morphology of a single word: Verb[head=thrill, tense=present, num=sing, person=3,…]  thrills projectionof features up to a bigger phrase VP[head=, tense=, num=…]  V[head=, tense=, num=…] NP provided  is in the set TRANSITIVE-VERBS agreementbetween sister phrases: S[head=, tense=]  NP[num=,…] VP[head=, tense=, num=…] 600.465 - Intro to NLP - J. Eisner

  5. num=sing num=sing num=sing thrills 3 Common Ways to Use Features Verb[head=thrill, tense=present, num=sing, person=3,…]  thrills VP[head=, tense=, num=…]  V[head=, tense=, num=…] NP S[head=, tense=]  NP[num=,…] VP[head=, tense=, num=…] S (generationperspective) NP VP Verb NP A roller coaster thrills every teenager 600.465 - Intro to NLP - J. Eisner

  6. num=sing num=sing num=sing thrills 3 Common Ways to Use Features Verb[head=thrill, tense=present, num=sing, person=3,…]  thrills VP[head=, tense=, num=…]  V[head=, tense=, num=…] NP S[head=, tense=]  NP[num=,…] VP[head=, tense=, num=…] S (comprehensionperspective) NP VP Verb NP A roller coaster thrills every teenager 600.465 - Intro to NLP - J. Eisner

  7. VP VP VP VP VP S NP Det The N V has N plan V been to V thrilling NP Otto NP Wanda V swallow

  8. VP[n=1]  V[n=1] VP V[n=1]  has S NP[n=1] VP[n=1] S [num=1] [num=1] NP VP [num=1] [num=1] Det The N V has VP [num=1] N plan VP V been VP to VP V thrilling NP Otto NP[n=1]  Det N[n=1] N[n=1]  N[n=1] VP N[n=1]  plan NP Wanda V swallow

  9. VP[n=]  V[n=] VP V[n=1]  has S NP[n=] VP[n=] S [num=1] [num=1] NP VP [num=1] [num=1] Det The N V has VP [num=1] N plan VP V been VP to VP V thrilling NP Otto NP[n=]  Det N[n=] N[n=]  N[n=] VP N[n=1]  plan NP Wanda V swallow

  10. S NP VP [head=plan] Det The N V has VP [head=plan] N plan VP V been VP [head=plan] to VP V thrilling NP Otto NP Wanda V swallow NP[h=]  Det N[h=] N[h=]  N[h=] VP N[h=plan]  plan

  11. S [head=thrill] NP VP [head=thrill] Det The N V has VP [head=thrill] N plan VP V been VP [head=swallow] [head=thrill] to VP V thrilling NP Otto [head=swallow] NP Wanda V swallow [head=swallow] [head=Wanda] [head=plan] [head=plan] [head=plan] [head=thrill] [head=Otto] NP[h=]  Det N[h=] N[h=]  N[h=] VP N[h=plan]  plan

  12. S [head=thrill] NP VP [head=thrill] Det The N V has VP [head=thrill] N plan VP V been VP [head=swallow] [head=thrill] to VP V thrilling NP Otto [head=swallow] NP Wanda V swallow [head=swallow] [head=Wanda] • Why use heads? • Morphology(e.g.,word endings) • N[h=plan,n=1]  planN[h=plan,n=2+]  plans • N[h=thrill,tense=prog]  thrillingN[h=thrill,tense=past] thrilledN[h=go,tense=past] went [head=plan] [head=plan] [head=plan] [head=thrill] [head=Otto] NP[h=]  Det N[h=] N[h=]  N[h=] VP N[h=plan]  plan

  13. S [head=thrill] NP VP [head=thrill] Det The N V has VP [head=thrill] N plan VP V been VP [head=swallow] [head=thrill] to VP V thrilling NP Otto [head=swallow] NP Wanda V swallow [head=swallow] [head=Wanda] • Why use heads? • Subcategorization (i.e., transitive vs. intransitive) • When is VP VNP ok?VP[h=]  V[h=] NPrestrict to   TRANSITIVE_VERBS • When is N NVP ok?N[h=]  N[h=] VPrestrict to   {plan, plot, hope,…} [head=plan] [head=plan] [head=plan] [head=thrill] [head=Otto] NP[h=]  Det N[h=] N[h=]  N[h=] VP N[h=plan]  plan

  14. Equivalently: keep the template but make prob depend on , S [head=thrill] NP VP [head=thrill] Det The N V has VP [head=thrill] leave out, or low prob N plan VP V been VP [head=swallow] [head=thrill] to VP V thrilling NP Otto [head=swallow] NP Wanda V swallow [head=swallow] [head=Wanda] • Why use heads? • Selectional restrictions • VP[h=]  V[h=] NP • I.e., VP[h=]  V[h=] NP[h=] • Don’t fill template in all ways: VP[h=thrill]  V[h=thrill] NP[h=Otto] *VP[h=thrill]  V[h=thrill] NP[h=plan] [head=plan] [head=plan] [head=plan] [head=thrill] [head=Otto] NP[h=]  Det N[h=] N[h=]  N[h=] VP N[h=plan]  plan

  15. Part of the English Tense System 600.465 - Intro to NLP - J. Eisner

  16. VP V thrilling NP Otto S [tense=pres,head=thrill] NP VP [head=plan] [tense=pres,head=thrill] The plan … V has VP [tense=perf,head=thrill] V been [tense=prog, head=thrill] • Let’s distinguish the different kinds of VP by tense … [tense=prog,head=thrill] [head=Otto]

  17. past past past V thrills NP Otto [tense=pres,head=thrill] [head=Otto] thrilled Past S [tense=pres,head=thrill] NP VP [head=plan] [tense=pres,head=thrill] The plan … • Present tense

  18. past eat past eat past V thrills NP Otto [tense=pres,head=thrill] [head=Otto] thrilled ate Past S [tense=pres,head=thrill] NP VP [head=plan] [tense=pres,head=thrill] The plan … • Present tense

  19. V thrills NP Otto [tense=pres,head=thrill] [head=Otto] S [tense=pres,head=thrill] NP VP [head=plan] [tense=pres,head=thrill] The plan … • Present tense (again)

  20. V has VP [tense=pres,head=have] [tense=perf,head=thrill] V thrilled NP Otto [tense=perf,head=thrill] [head=Otto] S [tense=pres,head=thrill] NP VP [head=plan] [tense=pres,head=thrill] The plan … • Present perfect tense

  21. V thrilled NP Otto [tense=perf,head=thrill] [head=Otto] S [tense=pres,head=thrill] NP VP [head=plan] [tense=pres,head=thrill] The plan … V has VP [tense=pres,head=have] [tense=perf,head=thrill] • Present perfect tense

  22. eat eat eat eat V thrilled NP Otto [tense=perf,head=thrill] [head=Otto] eaten S [tense=pres,head=thrill] NP VP [head=plan] [tense=pres,head=thrill] The plan … V has VP [tense=pres,head=have] [tense=perf,head=thrill] • Present perfect tense not ate – why? • The yellow material makes it a perfect tense – what effects?

  23. past past past had V thrilled NP Otto [tense=perf,head=thrill] [head=Otto] Past S [tense=pres,head=thrill] NP VP [head=plan] [tense=pres,head=thrill] The plan … V has VP [tense=pres,head=have] [tense=perf,head=thrill] • Present perfect tense

  24. V thrills NP Otto [tense=pres,head=thrill] [head=Otto] S [tense=pres,head=thrill] NP VP [head=plan] [tense=pres,head=thrill] The plan … • Present tense (again)

  25. V is VP [tense=pres,head=be ] [tense=prog,head=thrill] V thrilling NP Otto [tense=prog,head=thrill] [head=Otto] S [tense=pres,head=thrill] NP VP [head=plan] [tense=pres,head=thrill] The plan … • Present progressive tense

  26. past past past was V thrilling NP Otto [tense=prog,head=thrill] [head=Otto] Past S [tense=pres,head=thrill] NP VP [head=plan] [tense=pres,head=thrill] The plan … V is VP [tense=pres,head=be ] [tense=prog,head=thrill] • Present progressive tense

  27. V has VP [tense=pres,head=have] [tense=perf,head=thrill] V thrilled NP Otto [tense=perf,head=thrill] [head=Otto] S [tense=pres,head=thrill] NP VP [head=plan] [tense=pres,head=thrill] The plan … • Present perfect tense (again)

  28. VP V thrilling NP Otto S [tense=pres,head=thrill] NP VP [head=plan] [tense=pres,head=thrill] The plan … V has VP [tense=pres,head=have] [tense=perf,head=thrill] V been [tense=perf,head=be] [tense=prog, head=thrill] • Present perfect progressive tense [tense=prog,head=thrill] [head=Otto]

  29. VP V thrilling NP Otto S [tense=pres,head=thrill] NP VP [head=plan] [tense=pres,head=thrill] The plan … V has VP [tense=pres,head=have] [tense=perf,head=thrill] V been [tense=perf,head=be] [tense=prog, head=thrill] • Present perfect progressive tense [tense=prog,head=thrill] [head=Otto]

  30. past past past had VP Past V thrilling NP Otto S [tense=pres,head=thrill] NP VP [head=plan] [tense=pres,head=thrill] The plan … V has VP [tense=pres,head=have] [tense=perf,head=thrill] V been [tense=perf,head=be] [tense=prog, head=thrill] • Present perfect progressive tense [tense=prog,head=thrill] [head=Otto]

  31. VP V would [tense=stem,head=thrill] [tense=cond,head=will] VP stem have V thrilling NP Otto S cond [tense=pres,head=thrill] NP VP cond [head=plan] [tense=pres,head=thrill] The plan … V has VP [tense=pres,head=have] [tense=perf,head=thrill] Conditional • Present perfect progressive tense V been [tense=perf,head=be] [tense=prog, head=thrill] [tense=prog,head=thrill] [head=Otto]

  32. VP [tense=pres,head=thrill] V is [tense=pres,head=be] [tense=prog, head=thrill] [tense=prog,head=thrill] [head=Otto] VP [tense=perf,head=thrill] V been VP VP VP [tense=perf,head=be] [tense=prog, head=thrill] VP [tense=past,head=eat] V thrilling NP Otto NP Otto NP Otto V thrilling V eating [tense=prog,head=thrill] [head=Otto] V was [tense=past,head=be] [tense=prog, head=eat] [tense=prog,head=eat] [head=Otto] • So what pattern do all progressives follow?

  33. VP [tense=pres,head=thrill] V is [tense=pres,head=be] [tense=prog, head=thrill] [tense=prog,head=thrill] [head=Otto]   VP VP VP  VP [tense=past,head=eat] V -ing NP Otto NP Otto NP Otto V thrilling V eating V was  [tense=past,head=be] [tense=prog, head=eat]  [tense=prog,head=eat] [head=Otto] • So what pattern do all progressives follow? VP [tense=perf,head=thrill] V been [tense=perf,head=be] [tense=prog, head=thrill] [tense=prog,head=thrill] [head=Otto]

  34.  VP  V -ing NP Otto   Progressive: VP[tense=, head=, …]  V[tense=, stem=be…] VP[tense=prog, head= …] Perfect: VP[tense=, head=, …]  V[tense=, stem=have…] VP[tense=perf, head= …] Future or VP[tense=, head=, …]  V[tense=, stem=will…] conditional:VP[tense=stem, head= …] Infinitive: VP[tense=inf, head=, …]  toVP[tense=stem, head= …] Etc. As well as the “ordinary” rules: VP[tense=, head=, …]  V[tense=, head=, …] NP V[tense=past, head=have…]  had VP [tense=perf,head=thrill] V been [tense=perf,head=be] [tense=prog, head=thrill] [tense=prog,head=thrill] [head=Otto]

  35. e Gaps (“deep” grammar!) • Pretend “kiss” is a pure transitive verb. • Is “the president kissed” grammatical? • If so, what type of phrase is it? • the sandwich that • I wonder what • What else has the president kissed Sally said the president kissed e Sally consumed the pickle with e Sally consumed e with the pickle 600.465 - Intro to NLP - J. Eisner

  36. Gaps • Object gaps: • the sandwich that • I wonder what • What else has the president kissed e Sally said the president kissed e Sally consumed the pickle with e Sally consumed e with the pickle [how could you tell the difference?] • Subject gaps: • the sandwich that • I wonder what • What else has e kissed the president Sally said e kissed the president 600.465 - Intro to NLP - J. Eisner

  37. e kissed the president Sally said e kissed the president Gaps • All gaps are really the same – a missing NP: • the sandwich that • I wonder what • What else has the president kissed e Sally said the president kissed e Sally consumed the pickle with e Sally consumed e with the pickle Phrases with missing NP: X[missing=NP] or just X/NP for short 600.465 - Intro to NLP - J. Eisner

  38. VP V wonder [wh=yes] CP S [wh=yes] NP what /NP VP NP /NP what else could go here? e NP he VP/NP VP V was V was VP/NP NP him V kissing V kissing NP/NP what else could go here? VP V wonder CP [wh=yes] NP what [wh=yes] S/NP e

  39. /NP S /NP VP /NP what else could go here? VP /NP V was VP/NP /NP e what else could go here? VP NP NP the sandwich [wh=no] CP V wonder CP [wh=yes] Comp that NP what [wh=yes] S/NP NP he NP he VP/NP V was NP V kissing V kissing NP/NP e

  40. S VP what else could go here? VP V was VP/NP what else could go here? VP VP V believe [wh=no] CP V wonder CP [wh=yes] Comp that NP what [wh=yes] S/NP NP he NP he VP/NP V was NP the sandwich V kissing V kissing NP/NP e

  41. i i S i VP i VP i i i NP To indicate what fills a gap, people sometimes “coindex” the gap and its filler. NP the sandwich /NP [wh=no] CP Comp that /NP • Each phrase has a unique index such as “i”. • In some theories, coindexation is used to help extract a meaning from the tree. • In other theories, it is just an aid to help you follow the example. /NP NP he /NP V was NP V kissing / NP e the moneyi I spend ei on the happinessj I hope to buy ej which violini is this sonataj easy to play ej on ei

  42. has He gone • Lots of features(tense, number, person, gaps, vowels, commas, wh, etc., etc....) Help! • Sorry, that’s just how language is … • You know too much to write it down easily!

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