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Hazard Control

Hazard Control. IENG 331, Safety Engineering Fall 2009. Assignment. Read Chapter 9 from Brauer Text Do the odd numbered Review Questions P. 109 Due: ?. Hazards. IDENTIFICATION (RECOGNITION) EVALUATION CONTROL Hazards must be attacked in this order .

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Hazard Control

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  1. Hazard Control IENG 331, Safety Engineering Fall 2009

  2. Assignment • Read Chapter 9 from Brauer Text • Do the odd numbered Review Questions • P. 109 • Due: ?

  3. Hazards • IDENTIFICATION (RECOGNITION) • EVALUATION • CONTROL Hazards must be attacked in this order

  4. Murphy’s Law: “Whatever Possibly Can Go Wrong, Will” • In spite of one’s best efforts to prevent undesirable events, errors, and misunderstandings, accidents will occur. • Attributed to Captain Ed Murphy • Air Force Engineer, 1949 • Conducted crash tests • Found a strain gage bridge wired incorrectly • “If there is any way the technician can do it wrong, he will” • His team then adopted this law as a challenge and achieved an excellent safety record • Murphy’s Law has become a commonly used expression

  5. Safety Engineering Corollaries of Murphy’s Law (Block, Murphy’s Law . . ., 1980) • A car and truck approaching each other on an otherwise deserted road will meet at the narrow bridge • Hindsight is an exact science • Only God can make a random selection • When all else fails, read the directions • Any system that depends on human reliability is unreliable • If a test installation functions perfectly, all subsequent systems will malfunction • In any calculation, any error which can creep in will do so. Any error in any calculation will be in the direction of most harm. • A fail-safe circuit will destroy others • A failure will not appear until a unit has passed final inspection

  6. Murphy’s Law as a Safety Concept • Our goal in Safety Engineering is to prevent fulfillment of Murphy’s Law • Through planning, design, and analysis, factors that contribute to accidents can be eliminated or reduced • Even though Murphy’s Law sounds pessimistic, it is a motivating safety concept

  7. What is a Hazard? • A condition or changing set of circumstances that presents a potential for injury, illness, or property damage

  8. What is Hazard Control? • Any means of eliminating or reducing the risk resulting from a hazard

  9. Hazard Sources • Planning & Design • Production & Distribution • Maintenance & Repair • Communication

  10. Hazard Sources –Planning & Design • Usually inadvertently, unknowingly, or unintentionally, engineers or planners may create hazards in sites, buildings, facilities, equipment, operations, and environments • Computational errors, poor assumptions, converting units of measure, improper safety factors • Sky Light example

  11. Sources of Hazards –Production & Distribution • Potential unforeseen changes between design and construction • Substitution of materials or fasteners • Substitution of chemicals • Poor packaging

  12. Sources of Hazards –Maintenance & Repair • Insufficient, delayed, improper maintenance • Equipment or operations may be well designed for normal use, but no design consideration was given for installation, maintenance, housekeeping • LOTO – Lock Out Tag Out • Preventative Maintenance, 5S

  13. Preventative Maintenance, 5S • 5S philosophy focuses on effective workplace organization and standardized work procedures. It simplifies your work environment, reduces waste and non-value activity while improving quality, efficiency, and safety. • “All I Really Need to Know I Learned in Kindergarten”, Robert Fulghum • Sort (Seiri) – eliminate unnecessary items from the workplace; red-tag items and move out

  14. 5S Continues 2. Set in order (Seiton) – efficient & effective storage methods; painting floors; outlining work areas & locations; shadow boards; modular shelving & cabinets; “A place for everything and everything in its place” • What do I need to do my job? • Where should I locate this item? • How many of this item do I really need? 3. Shine (Seiso) – Thoroughly clean the work area; daily follow-up cleaning

  15. 5S Continued 4. Standardize (Seiketsu) – Standardize best practice in your work area; allow employee participation in development • Sustain (Shitsuke) – Focus on defining a new status quo and standard of workplace organization; Don’t revert to old ways • Sometimes a 6th “S” is added to represent “Safety”

  16. Sources of Hazards – Communication • Changes in design, operations, procedures are not communicated adequately to those impacted • Consider the four components of communication • Sender • Medium • Message • Receiver • The gulf between the sender and receiver can be great

  17. Principles of Hazard Control • Identification • Evaluation • Control • Engineering Controls • Administrative Controls • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

  18. Knowledge & Recognition of Hazards • No one person can be fully knowledgeable about all hazards • Several disciplines and people must work together • Take a systems approach, understand the context • Human • Machine • Materials • Environment • Historical Approach (see next slide) • See OSHA Website: Statistics

  19. Most Frequently Cited OSHA Violations (2006)

  20. Hazard Control Priorities • Eliminate the hazard (engineering) • Reduce the hazard level (engineering or administrative) • Provide safety devices (engineering or administrative) • Provide warnings (administrative) • Provide safety procedures (administrative) • Provide PPE (PPE)

  21. Reducing Hazards • Redundancy • 2 or more parallel subsystems or components • Backup systems or contingency plans • Single Point Failure • A single component or subsystem that can bring down the entire system • Example: Dead car battery • Search for and eliminate

  22. Redundancy vs. Single Point Failure

  23. Safety Devices • Features or controls that prevent people from being exposed to a hazard • Must be automatic • They do not remove the hazard • Examples • Machine guards • Fail-safe devices (e.g., automatic fire doors, dead man switch, air brakes on truck trailers and railcars)

  24. Fail-Safe Devices • Fail-Passive • Reduces system to its lowest energy level • Circuit breaker, fuse, dead man switch • Fail-Active • Keep system energized, but in a “safe mode” • Battery-operated smoke alarm chirps when low • Traffic signal blinks yellow or red on malfunction • Fail-Operational • Allows the system to function safely even when the device fails (e.g. aircraft auto-land controls)

  25. Provide Warnings • How effective are Warnings? See previous lecture.

  26. Procedures • Sets of actions that must be executed • People must learn to use safe procedures • Must be developed and understood before they are used • Safety procedures are just as important as operational procedures

  27. Assignment • Read Chapter 9 from Brauer Text • Do the odd numbered Review Questions • P. 109 • Due: ?

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