Understanding Mutations and Biotechnology: The Power of Proteins

1. Mutations and Biotechnology

2. Proteins are everything!!!! Proteins do all the work in your body So what happens when they’re not made right? MUTATIONS!!!

11. What is a Mutation? • Permanent (for now) mistakes made in our genetic code (some from known causes other random) • May or may NOT result in the WRONG protein

12. Mutagens: Are any chemical or radiation that causes a change in our genetic code Examples: X-rays, UV sunrays, asbestos and coal dust

13. Carcinogens: -Are mutagens that cause a mistake in the genetic code that leads to uncontrollable cell division. - RESULT = CANCER -Examples include: Mercury, UV rays and cigarettes

14. Avg. Pack of Cigarettes 2hrs. & 20 minutes OFF YOUR LIFE!!!

15. Two Categories of Mutations • #1: Germ Mutation • Occurs in sperm or egg…if fertilized, this mistake will be passed on to child • Example: Sickle Cell Anemia • #2: Somatic Mutation • Occurs in BODY cells…these are NOT passed on to children • Example: Skin Cancer

16. How Can These Mutations Happen? • Chromosomal Mutation: • ENTIRE chromosome is affected…many genes have SEVERE forms of mutations • Example: Down Syndrome • Gene Mutation: • One SINGLE change in a DNA Nucleotide is made…only ONE gene is affected • Example: Albinism

17. Four Types of Gene Mutations • Silent (Neutral) Mutation • A change in ONE base that does NOT alter amino acid sequence • Missense Mutation • A change in ONE base that does alter amino acid sequence • Nonsense Mutation • A change in ONE base that causes a STOP codon in the middle • Frameshift Mutation • A change in ONE-TWO bases by adding to the gene…entire sequence is shifted down

18. Silent Mutation-codes for same amino acid

19. Missense Mutation-changein one base that does alter aa

20. Nonsense Mutation-change in one base to put stop in middle

21. Frameshift Mutation-change 1-2 bases SHIFTS sequence

22. Biotechnology

23. Biotechnology: • The manipulation of any living system for the purpose of producing a useful product or solving a problem

24. How can we change GENES? • Genetic Engineering • Changing DNA to do what we WANT it to do • Deleting, adding or replacing genes

25. Create glow in the dark organisms

28. Why? • Agriculture: • Bigger and better crops…will feed more people and cost less money • Medicine: • Example: Insulin and Human Growth Hormone are mass produced HOW?

29. Plasmid: -found in some bacteria -small loops of DNA -code for extra but not essential traits Ex: antibiotic resistance Plasmid

30. Gene Splicinggene recombination where DNA is broken and recombined in a lab The Result: Recombinant DNA

31. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) Over 75% of corn in US has been genetically modified GM Salmon hit the market THIS YEAR

32. Selective Breeding Breeding for a specific trait Genetic Modification through “natural” means

33. Grafting • A bud or shoot of a plant that is inserted in a groove or slit of another plant • Host plant provides nutrition for the shoot to grow from

34. Cloning: 3 Types: • Recombinant DNA/DNA or gene cloning • Reproductive • Therapeutic (Gene Therapy)

35. Reminder…Human Genome: -our complete set of genes that makes up a human -22,000 genes in our genome (protein-coding) -99.9% of every humans genes is identical. There is only a .1% sequence variation from person to person

36. Forensics-DNA Profile • DNA Fingerprint: • Solves crimes because everyone has different DNA • Paternity Test: • Who’s Your Daddy? • Think Jerry Springer…

37. Restriction Enzymes • Naturally found in bacteria • “chemical scissors” • Used by bacteria for virus protection • They “cut up” the DNA that viruses inject so the viruses cannot reproduce

38. Restriction Enzymes • 75 known REs named after bacteria found in • Recognizes a particular 4 to 6 base pair sequence (recognition sequence) • Function best at specific T & pH

41. Examples of restriction enzymes include:

42. Creating a DNA fingerprint: • 1. DNA Extraction: Collect DNA from any cell in a person’s body Genes in a Bottle

43. If amount of DNA is too small use a technique called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA

44. 2. Add restriction enzyme to the DNA

45. 3. Restriction enzyme “cuts” the DNA into many pieces every time it recognizes its specific recognition site

46. 4. Load DNA sample (add loading dye for DNA is colorless) into the agarose gel - load wet or dry -very similar to gelatin -lower % agarose separate larger molecules -1% agarose commonly used

47. -Wells are made using a plastic comb -Samples are placed in wells using a micropipettor -1mL = 1000µL

48. 5. Agarose gel into the GEL ELECTROPHORESIS apparatus

49. 6. One end of apparatus is negative (black) and the other is positive (red) • DNA is negative So…where will DNA travel to? RED

50. 7. Turn on electricity…electric current is run through gel