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Marine Protected Reserves and the Bahamas Proposal

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Marine Protected Reserves and the Bahamas Proposal

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    1. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 1 Marine Protected Reserves and the Bahamas’ Proposal

    2. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 2 The Next 14 Slides Are From Fully-Protected Marine Reserves Toolkit, By WWF Endangered Seas Campaign

    3. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 3 Why Do We Need MPAs? Human impacts on the sea have grown Most of the ocean over 1000m deep is fished Fishing has transformed marine ecosystems MPAs now cover less than 1/2 % of sea and most existing MPAs are not fully protected Fishery management tools have failed to support stocks and sustain fishery

    4. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 4 Objectives of MPAs Conserve species and habitats Maintain ecosystem functioning Support fishery management Maintain or increase catches Insure against management failure Increase sustainability Provide a baseline for research

    5. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 5 Fully Protected MPAs Are: Closed to all forms of fishing Closed to all extractive activities - mining or dredging Closed to dumping Open to well-managed,non-consumptive activities such as swimming, snorkeling, scuba diving, and watching wildlife Open to scientific research

    6. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 6 Potential Fishery Benefits of MPAs Increase spawning stock biomass Spillover enhances local catches Offers insurance against uncertainty Increased predictability of catches Reduced problems of multi-species management Easier enforcement Greater equity among fishers Great public understanding of management

    7. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 7 Cautions Regarding MPAs Source-sink patterns may not be captured by even large and networked MPAs Callums diagrams

    8. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 8 Cautions Regarding MPAs MPAs may simply shift fishing pressure to other areas and those places may decline as a result MPAs may be viewed as substitute for traditional fishery management tools MPAs may have unequal social and economic impacts on stakeholder groups MPAs may become “paper” solutions seeming to fix and reducing needed conservation pressures

    9. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 9 How Have Reserves Performed Elsewhere? Existing reserves have shown a rapid build-up of fish biomass Animals in reserves grow larger than those outside and produce more offspring The most valuable species tend to respond most strongly

    10. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 10 St. Lucia, West Indies MPA

    11. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 11 St. Lucia – the reef

    12. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 12 Evidence for Conservation Benefits Reserves worldwide have led to increases in biodiversity - that is more species per unit area Reserves lead to increased habitat structural complexity Reserves support species that are unable to persist in fishing grounds Reserves create a mosaic of conditions, allowing different ecological communities to develop compared to fishing grounds

    13. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 13 How Long Will It Take for MPAs to Produce Benefits? In well-respected reserves, stocks of many exploited species can be expected to increase by 2 to 4 times in 5 years Spillover should become significant within 5 years Net gains will come faster the more over fished the stocks are to begin with

    14. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 14 Some Sea-MPA Conclusions Marine life and fisheries depend on healthy marine ecosystems Marine reserves can be powerful tools to support fisheries and conservation Fishery and conservation benefits of reserves are compatible Marine reserves can help better manage marine resources

    15. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 15 Key Lessons for Creating MPAs MPS should be designed to achieve specific objectives Stakeholders must be involved at all stages of MPA planning and management Local communities should have a role in enforcement MPAs should have well-trained personnel MPA should be monitored and evaluated - adaptive management.

    16. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 16 Some Final Thoughts An imperfect reserve is better than no reserve Need for conservation cannot be separated from the need for resource use Socioeconomic considerations usually determine the success or failure of MPA It can be argued that MPAs should be established where people want them instead of where they will do the most good for nature

    17. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 17 Social and Economic Studies Related to Designing, Siting, and Monitoring of MPAs If people are key, then good social science is essential A Key Manual is…

    18. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 18 The Bahamas: A Place of New MPAs

    19. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 19 Bahamas: The Proposed MPA Map

    20. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 20 Great Exuma Cays Land and Sea Park (source Roberts and Hawkins 2000: 19) 36 years of protecting tropical seagrass meadows = result is the average density of adult queen conch (Strombus gigas) was 15 times higher in the reserve, and late stage larval densities were 4-17 times higher (Stoner and Ray 1996) 10 years of protecting the coral reef = result is the reproductive output of Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus) as 6 times greater in the reserve (Sluka et al 1997)

    21. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 21 Great Exuma – A Model?

    22. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 22 Caribbean Marine Research Center – Lee Stocking Island

    23. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 23 MPAs Are To Meet Human Cultural Goals Cultural Elements beliefs values norms Cultural Landscapes Environmental Ethics Human Forcings global climate change pollution harvesting Human Solutions preservation science shifting values establishing MPAs

    24. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 24 Human Social Structure Social Groups interact are bounded have a name & identity hold resources in common share culture regulate resource use Social Collectives not interactive open membership may have name = fan use resources in common share culture hold power by force of numbers - consumer or voting power

    25. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 25 “Cultural Affiliation” Kinds of Attachments to Sea Number and Cultural Content of Sea Attachments Vary By Spatial Scale: local regional national world Stable local communities have multi-stranded interests - is like living in Mecca Outside persons have a single heritage interest - is like being a pilgrim to Mecca.

    26. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 26 In The Bahamas Local Villages – old and new Loyalists from US revolt -1783 One Indian village Haitians immigrants World Love Boat Bone Fishers Yacht Snow Birds Casino/beach visitors Luxury gated communities

    27. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 27 World and Bahamian Cultural Attachments to the Sea World patterns are rapidly shifting toward environmental conservation, so at some level “all the world cares.” National – the sea is a backdrop for leisure and international activities Local – the sea as backup for hard times in an economy that goes boom and bust

    28. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 28 Sea Knowledge Domains: One Identity Symbols National Local Personal Expressive Arts Music Poetry Stories Painting Materials Arts Boat construction Fishing gear Underwater Landscapes Tides Currents Structures Surface Landscapes Winds Landmarks Stars

    29. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 29 Sea Knowledge Domains: Two Sea Biology Fish Types Fish Behaviors Habitat processes Cigwaterra Land Biology Plants used in material arts Plants used to treat sea-derived sickness Animals used in material arts

    30. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 30 Sea Knowledge Domains: Three Sea Cognitions Higher than land Driven by spirits – duppies Vulnerable to Obeah Rites of passage – boys in the boat Language and Sea “Linguistic Ecology” Ecosystem People (Dasmann 1964) Co-evolution of people and their environment Linguistic expression of local relationships with nature

    31. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 31 Sea Knowledge Domains: Case of Linguistic Ecology Theory – biological and linguistic diversity arise in parallel due to the same independent set of geographical and climate characteristics (Harmon 1996, cited in Maffi 2001: 26). Place – Archipelago state as societal subtype. Component islands often possess different technoeconomic adaptations, social systems, and ideologies because of environmental diversity, differential outside contact and isolation (LaFlamme 1983:361).

    32. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 32 Sea Knowledge Domains: Continued Case of Linguistic Ecology Local Knowledge of resources Local Management of resources Biodiversity derives from and depends on local people, as they do on it. This is definition of coevolution. Indigenous systems of classification of local ecological features, as expressed in linguistically encoded concepts, not only match the classifications of Western scientists, but in fact go significantly beyond them in depth and detail

    33. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 33 Sea Knowledge Domains: Continued Case of Linguistic Ecology A rich oral tradition, along with a strong “spiritual ecology,” can sustain biogeographic knowledge Place naming is a way in which human relationships with local ecosystems are cognitively and linguistically codified – Sahaptin numbers and kinds of places where things happen (Hunn 1994) Cognitive Resolution of Landscape =The size of the area over which place-names are distributed is inversely proportional to the population density of a given group.

    34. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 34 The Place

    35. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 35 The People

    36. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 36 The Animals

    37. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 37 Coevolution?

    38. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 38 Human Science Should Be Selected Based On: The Study Questions & Peoples under study Questions should focus on issues people perceive as well as those suggested by past Social Impact Assessment studies Focus on those people who are culturally affiliated

    39. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 39 Human Studies Should involve culturally affiliated people triangulate - 3 or more studies to answer same question, and be iterative - sequential studies that learn from one another.

    40. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 40 Kinds of Human Studies In-depth - identify key variables Focus groups - understand special issues like gender Survey - get at distribution of values and impacts Life-histories - diachronic, multigenerational knowledge Documents - secondary, non-intrusive Archaeology - greatest time depth Linguistic – coevolution of cognition

    41. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 41 Our Message for Establishing MPAs is: Know the Human Components As Well As The Natural Ones MPAs are for humans Human support is needed to design, implement, monitor, and protect MPAs Study humans as they have organized themselves in their interactions with the sea

    42. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 42 What is my future to be?

    43. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 43 Some MPA References Bunce, L., P. Townsley, R. Pomeroy, R. Pollnac 2000. Socioeconomic Manual for Coral Reef Management. Townsville,Q., Australia: Australian Institute of Marine Science. [also available at Reefbase.org and copies from Leah.Bunce@noaa.gov] Kelleher, Graeme and Cheri Recchia 1998. Lessons From Marine Protected Areas Around the World. Parks 8(2):1-4. [see www.iucn.org/cgi-bin/byteserver.pl/themes/marine/pdf/guidelns/pdf]

    44. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 44 MPA References Continued Roberts, Callum and Julie Hawkins 2000. Fully-Protected Marine Reserves: A Guide. Washington, D.C.: WWF Endangered Seas Campaign. [see www.panda.org.endangeredseas] Sluka, R. et al. 1997. The Benefits of a marine fishery reserve for Nassau grouper in the central Bahamas. Proceeding of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, Panama 2: 1961-1964. Stoner, A. and M. Ray 1996. Queen conch in fished and unfished locations of the Bahamas: effects of a marine fishery reserve on adults, juveniles, and larval production. Fishery Bulletin 94: 551-565.

    45. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 45 Bahama References- One Dasmann, R. 1964. Wildlife Biology. New York: Wiley. Harmon, D. 1996. Losing Species, Losing Languages: Connections Between Biological and Linguistic Diversity. Southwest Journal of Linguistics 15: 89-108. Hunn, Eugene 1994. Place-names, Population Density, and the Magic Number 500. Current Anthropology 35(1): 81-85.

    46. 307 Lec 16 & 17&18 46 Bahama References - Two LaFlamme, Alan 1985. Green Turtle Cay: An Island in the Bahamas. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. LaFlamme, Alan 1983. The Archipelago State as a Societal Subtype. Current Anthropology 24(3): 361-362. Maffi, Luisa 2001. Linking Language and Environment: A Co-evolutionary Perspective. In New Directions in Anthropology and Environment: Intersections. By C. Crumley (ed.) Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.

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