Hawaiian Creole English

1. Hawaiian Creole English Jessica DittoTara LynnDan Jinguji

2. Overview • Historical Background • Sociolinguistic Background • Linguistic Structure • References

3. Historical Background • 600,000 speakers • 100,000 speakers USA Mainland • Introduced in late 19th Century • 1820-1830s: development of Pidgin Hawaiian • Contact language, pidginization of Hawaiian • Portuguese and Chinese influx: • 1880s-pidginization (HPE) • 1890s-creolization-early 20th century

4. More… • Huge HCE development in schools because of • wide ethnic diversity stabilizing HCE in early 20th century • it became the first language of the native-born children (nativization)

5. Ethnicities • Superstrate: English • Primary Substrates: • Hawaiian • Chinese • Portuguese • Minor Substrates: • Japanese • Filipino(esp. Speakers of Tagalog and Ilocano) • Korean

6. Variation • Geographical variation is most prominent • Hawaii has seven isolated islands including two private islands and Volcanoes isolating communities • With the University, Prep school and Trade, a lot of cultures and ethnic backgrounds contribute to HCE

7. U of Hawai‘i Study • Study of Student Perceptions: • Standard English Vs Hawai‘i Creole English • Classes randomly assigned 1 of 2 45-second videos • Video includes: 32-year-old Speaker who is fluent in both SE and HCE by The Chair of the Linguistics Department at U.H.’s standards • 197 Students (181 Undergrad, 19 Grad) • 15 Students incomplete, Data includes the 182 completed Questionnaires • Questionnaire composed of (23 Ques): • 15 from Zahn and Hopper’s Speech Evaluation Instrument • Chose 5 questions from each subcategory: • Superiority, Attractiveness, and Dynamism • 8 questions on appropriateness of speech pertaining to the speech specifically

8. Results • Standard English rated higher • in superiority(e.g., educated, intelligent, upper class) • in quality(e.g., appropriate grammar, reliable) • Associated with education and higher socioeconomic status • HCE rated higher in dynamism (e.g., active, confident, talkative)

9. Linguistic Structure • Phonology • Lexicon • Syntax • Existential and Possessive Constructions • Noun Marking • Tense-Mood-Aspect Marking

10. Phonology • Syllable-timed:Each syllable is given roughly the same stress and time • Falling intonation:Occurs at the end of interrogative sentences • Vowels: Mesolect • Less variation in vowel tenseness in the basilect

11. Consonants: stops • Aspirated voiceless stops:['mɑkʰet]market • Unreleased or Glottalized  final consonants:[nɑʔ]not • Intervocalic /d/ and /t/ become flap [ɾ][wiɾɑʊt]without • /d/ and /t/ are palatalized before /ɹ/[tʃɹi]tree [dʒɹaɪ]dry

12. Consonants: fricatives • Interdental fricative variation • [ð][ð], [d], [f] (infrequent)[dem][beɪf]them bathe [θ][θ], [t], [tʰ], or [f] (infrequent)[tʰɑt] [wɪt][bɛɹfde]thought with birthday • /v/ deletion between voiced sounds[eɹitɪŋ][nea]everything never

13. Consonants: liquids • Syllabic or post-vocalic 'r’ deletion:[nɔt][nia][idɑ]north near eitherElsewhere, /ɹ/ is less rhotic than in GAE. • Syllabic or post-vocalic ‘l’ becomes [-o] or [-ol]: [pipo] or [pipol]people Elsewhere, [l] is not as dark as in GAE

14. Lexicon • Most words derived from English • Often take on additional or slightly different meanings: alphabet    alphabet, letterlawnmower   lawnmower, to mow ('lawnmower the grass')package    package, paper sackpear    pear, avocadooff    off, to turn off ('off the light')shame  shame, shy, bashful, embarrassedcockaroachcockroach, to steal or sneak away withboddahbrotherbrahbrother

15. Words derived from English that don't exist in GAE: boloheadbaldbuddha-head  local person of Japanese ancestrycatch air    breathecat tongue    unable to eat hot thingsstink eye   dirty looktalk stink    talk badly about someonebroke da mouth   very delicioushowzithow are you • Over 100 words in HCE come from Hawaiian: akamaismarthaolewhite personlei     flower garlandlanai     verandaimuearth ovenkapakahicrooked, inside-out

16. About 40 words come from Japanese: bachi     punishment, retributionbocha    bath, batheshoyu   soy saucezori     flip-flopsobake   ghost • A small number of other words come from Portuguese, Chinese, and Filipino.

17. Syntax • 12 Characteristics of Creole Languages • Existential and Possessive Constructions • Noun Marking (Articles) • Tense-Mood-Aspect Marking

18. Existential Construction • There is a bee in here. • A bee exists in here. • No sense of location associated with “there”. • HCE: get one bee in hereOdo: get wan bi in hia

19. Possessive Construction • He has a brother and two sisters. • HCE: He get one brudah an two sistah. • Odo: hi get wan bruDa an tu sista. • HCEː Whose car get room?SAEː Whose car has room? • HCEː Get wan wahini shi get wan data.SAEː There is a woman who has a daughter.

20. Noun Marking • In general there is no singular / plural marking • Definite article – known instance:HCE: Hi it da banana.SAE: He ate the banana. • Indefinite article – a specific instance:HCE: Hi it wan banana.SAE: He ate a banana. • Unmarked – non-specific:HCE: Hi it banana.SAE: He eats bananas.

21. Tense-Mood-Aspect Marking • Bickerton (1981) • HCE: three markers Tense Mood Aspect ‘ben’ ‘go’ ‘ste’anteriorirrealisnon-punctual

22. TMA Marking • Tense Marking: • Past: ‘wen’ (‘ben’ retained regionally) • Future: ‘gon’ • Mood Marking: • Irrealis: ‘go’ • Modals: ‘kaen’, ‘laik’, ‘gata’, ‘beta’ • Aspect Marking: • Non-punctual: ‘ste’ • Inchoative: ‘stat’ • Perfect: ‘pau’

23. Example Sentences • Dey wen cut down da mango tree. • Shi gon born wan bebi. • Da fon ste ringin. • Mai sista gon stat plei saka. • He pau teach da kids dem. • Ai ste kuk da stu awredi. • Dem gaiz iting da mango keik. • Dem gaiz ste it da mango keik. • Yu go ste go, ai go ste kam.

24. References • Arends, J., Muysken, P., & Smith, N., ed. (1995). Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. • Bickerton, D. (1981). Roots of Language. Ann Arbor: Karoma. • Carr, E.B. (1972). DaKine Talk: From Pidgin to Standard English in Hawaii. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. • Ohama, M.L.F, Gotay, C.C, Pagano, I.S., Boles, L. & Craven, D.D. (2000). Evaluations of Hawaii Creole English and Standard English. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 19ː3,357-377. http://jls.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/3/357. Retrieved Jan 28, 2009. • Reinecke, J. (1969). Language and Dialect in Hawaii: A Sociolinguistic History to 1935. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. • Romaine, S. (1988). Pidgin & Creole Languages. New York: Longman Linguistic Library. • Sakoda, K. & Siegel, J. (2003). Pidgin Grammar: An Introduction to the Creole Language of Hawai‘i. Honolulu: Bess Press. • Schneider, E. W. & Kortmann, B. (2005). A Handbook of Varieties of English, Phonology. Retrieved January 30, 2009 from httpː//books.google.com. • Velupillai, V. (2003). Hawai‘i Creole English: A Typological Analysis of the Tense-Mood-Aspect System. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.