Africa South of the Sahara

1. Africa South of the Sahara Unit VII

2. Housekeeping….. • Current Events Pass Back and Over • Poopy questions…… • #65 enter “B” please • After finishing, laptops are available • Pull for Focus? • Socratic Seminar Info

3. Bell Ringer • Please complete Chapter 18 Glossary • A and B Only!

4. Unit VII Breakdown • 7.1 Outline, BLM, PPT. Lecture • 7.2 Safari Pair Project • 7.3 Five Themes of Geography in Africa, Poster, Cut Out Africa and Illustrate and Label

5. Unit VII Breakdown • 7.4 BLM, PPT. On Colonialism • 7.5 Economic Systems Review • 7.6 Problems in Africa BLM, PPT. Lecture

6. Unit Objectives • 1. I can apply the five themes of geography to Africa south of the • Sahara? • 2. I can analyze social injustices occurring in Africa south of the Sahara and determine their impact on migration? • 3. I can compare, contrast, and analyze the economic systems and economic problems in Africa south of the Sahara? • 4. I can identify the distribution of climate regions in Africa south of the Sahara? • 5. I can analyze regional issues facing Africa south of the Sahara? • 6. I can identify and analyze the distinguishing physical or human characteristics of Africa south of the Sahara? • 7. I can evaluate how location, topography, climate, natural resources, and/or other physical characteristics affect human activities?

7. Let's Name Some Countries

8. South of the Sahara • The Plateau Continent - much of Africa is at least 1000 feet above sea level • Throughout the plateau, lie several basins, or depressions (5 across Africa more than 625 miles across and up to 5000 feet deep!) • The world’s longest river, the Nile flows 4000 miles from Uganda to Egypt

10. Blue Nile Falls Nile crocodile

11. South of the Sahara • As the earth’s continental plates pulled apart, huge cracks in the earth’s crust appeared. • The land in these areas sank and formed long, thin valleys called rift valleys

13. South of the Sahara • Africa contains mostly volcanic mountains • Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa’s highest peak is a volcano • The Great Escarpment marks the edge of the continents’ plateau • Escarpment - steep slope with flat plateau

15. Resources • Africa has a wealth of minerals that make it one of the wealthiest continents • Unfortunately, European Colonialism left most African nations slow to industrialize • Commodity – something useful or valuable. Can be bought or sold. • Africa grows 20% of the world’s coffee • 66% of Africans earn a living farming

17. Bell Ringer • Chapter 19Vocabulary • A and B Only

18. South of the Sahara • Tropical Grassland covers most of Africa • The Serengeti Plain in Northern Tanzania is an example that holds huge herds of grazing animals • Africa has rainforests along the equator near the Congo Basin

20. South of the Sahara • Sahel - region next to the Sahara Desert • Sahel means “shore of the desert” in Arabic • Desertification - the process in which moist areas become dry over time • We clear trees, farm, erosion occurs, ground dries, and becomes desert

23. What can you do to combat desertification? • Egypt built the Aswan High Dam to combat the cycles of floods and droughts. • Like our levees, there has been unintended consequences. Silt from flooding no longer gets “dumped” on farmlands

24. South of the Sahara • Eastern Africa has been called the “Cradle of Humanity” • If you believe scientists, we are all descendants of Africans • Olduvai Gorge - located in Tanzania and has yielded 65 individual hominid fossils

26. South of the Sahara • East Africa was also home to an important early trading civilization, Aksum • Bantu Migrations – a series of migrations that helped link various regions in Africa. Spread a common language and culture. • In the late 1800’s, Europe decided to divide Africa • Ethiopia was the only African country to escape colonization

27. South of the Sahara • The European countries merely told everyone, this is our territory and only had to show control to keep the lands • The European countries proceeded to export resources from Africa without benefitting the native population

28. West Africa • Goree Island is a located off the coast of Senegal and was an export location for slaves • 20 million Africans went through this outpost never seeing their families again • Ghana has a 1,900 per capita income and is very high for this area

30. South of the Sahara • Sudan – was the largest country in Africa and the Arab World until being split into South and North Sudan • Was listed as the world’s most unstable country by the failed states index and still very unstable. • If you live in South Sudan, cattle rustling is a major issue! • Darfur Conflict - tribal and ethnic genocide

32. South of the Sahara • Nigeria - located in western Africa • The most populated African country • Member of OPEC

34. South of the Sahara • Ethiopia - landlocked and located in the Horn of Africa • 2nd most populated in Africa • The only African country to stay independent during the colonial period • They kicked the Italian’s butts!

36. South of the Sahara • Somalia - located on the “Horn of Africa” • The movie Blackhawk Down’s story occurred in Somalia • Site of constant civil war • Neighboring Ethiopia intervened recently

38. South of the Sahara • Kenya - named after Mount Kenya, a volcanic peak • The Portuguese were the first Europeans to explore Kenya • Home to Lake Victoria, the largest tropical lake in the world

40. South of the Sahara • Gazelle – a small, graceful antelope • Wildebeest – a large antelope with a head like an ox, (also called a gnu)

41. Bell Ringer • Chapter 20 Vocabulary • A and B Only

42. South of the Sahara • Tanzania - about twice the size of California • Home to a Jane Goodall institute School that we spoke with via video conference in 2007 • Home to the Olduvai Gorge, the cradle of man

44. Problems in Africa • Genocide - the deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group • It is occurring as we speak in Africa

45. Problems in Africa • Apartheid – a South African policy that completely separated people due to differing ethnic varieties (Racism) • Nelson Mandela – a leader of the African National Congress (ANC). He fought for years to end apartheid. He spent many years in prison, was released and then elected president of South Africa

46. Problems in Africa • Darfur, Sudan - Civil War has been a common occurrence since the 1950’s • Today, the civil war is based on ethnic and tribal differences • decades of drought, desertification, and overpopulation are among the causes of the Darfur conflict (nomads are moving herds into the lands of others looking for water)

47. Darfur Refugee Camp in Chad

48. Problems in Africa • Rwandan Genocide - 1994 • Upwards of 1 million Tutsi people (minority) were killed by the Hutu militia group in about 100 days!! • Today the government forbids any discrimination on any grounds

49. Murambi Technical School is now a Museum for the Memory of the Victims

50. Problems in Africa • Pandemic – a disease affecting a large population over a wide geographic area. A pandemic is an outbreak of global proportions. It happens when a novel virus emerges among humans - it causes serious illness and is easily human transmissible (spreads easily from person-to-person). • Epidemic - a disease that is widely prevalent in a particular area.