Disaster Risk Management

1. Disaster Risk Management Achala Dahal/ Gyan Laxmi Shrestha Nepal Administrative Staff College

2. Learning objectives Having gone through this session participants will be able to: • Understanding of Disaster Risk Management • Disaster Governance • Role of Government • Approaches to DRM

4. Your personal story about disaster

5. 70 Meter Nepal is disaster prone due to Nepal is beautiful country, but … Difficult Geological Terrain 8848 Meter

6. disaster prone due to … Unplanned settlement

7. disaster prone due to …. Poor construction practices

8. disaster prone due to … Cultivation of unsuitable land

9. Major Recurrent Disasters in Nepal

10. Facts…. • 39 % Asia • 56 % death • 88 % affected

11. 1. Fundamental of Disaster Risk Management

12. Basic Terminologies

13. Hazard-k|sf]k A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. To:tf 8/nfUbf kl/36gf, j:t', dfgjLo lqmofsnfk, jf kl/l:ylt h;sf sf/0fn] Hofgsf] gf]S;fgL, 3fOt] x'g] ;Defjgf jf cGo :jf:Yo;DaGwL c;/x¿, wgdfnsf] Iflt, hghLljsf tyf ;]jfx¿sf] gf]S;fgL, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ult/f]w, jf jftfj/0fLo x|f; ;d]t lgDTofpF5 .

14. Types of Hazard • Natural Hazards : part of the natural environment • Hydro-meteorological hazards • Typhoons • Storm surges • Floods • Geologic hazards • Earthquake • Landslides • Oceanic Hazards • Tsunami • Tidal Surges • Biological Hazards • Epidemics • Insect Infestation

15. Types of Hazard • Man-made Hazards : human induced hazards • Socio-natural Hazards • Forest denudation • Famine • Increased occurrences of natural hazards • Socio-political Hazards • War • Civil unrest • Technological Hazards • Transport accidents • Toxic substance poisoning • Contamination of food and water sources

16. \ Disaster - ljkb A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. Kf|efljt ;dfh jf ;d'bfon] cfˆg} ana'tf / ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|of]u u/L ;fdgf ug{ g;Sg] :t/sf] To:tf] uDeL/ k|sf]k hGo 36gf h;af6 x'g;Sg] dfgjLo, ef}lts, cfly{s / jftfj/0fLo Ifltn] ubf{ ;fdfGo ;fdflhs k|lqmof cj?4 x'g]5 .

17. Exposure - :fDd'vtf People, property, systems, or other elements present in hazard zones that are thereby subject to potential losses. k|sf]k If]qdf cjl:yt dflg;, wgdfn, ;+oGq jf cGo tTjx¿ / k|sf]kaLrsf] cj:yf ;fy} k|sf]ksf] k|efj / ;Defljt Iflt a]xf]g'{kg]{ cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ .

18. Vulnerability - :fª\s6f;GGftf A set of prevailing or consequential conditions which adversely affect people’s ability prevent, mitigate, prepare for and respond to hazardous events. The characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. s'g} ;d'bfo, k|0ffnL jf ;|f]t ;+;fwgdf k|sf]ksf sf/0f lglDtg ;Sg] 3fts Pj+ ;+j]bgzLn cj:yfnfO{ ;ª\s6f;Ggtf elgG5 . ;d'bfosf] ;ª\s6f;Ggtf To;df /x]sf] ul/jL, z}lIfs cj:yf nufot ljleGg kIfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 .

19. Factors of Vulnerability • Physical / Material Vulnerability • Hazard-prone location of community houses, farmlands, infrastructure, basic services • Design and construction materials of houses and buildings • Insecure and risky sources of livelihood • Lack of basic services: education, health, safe drinking water, shelter, sanitation, roads, electricity, communication • Exposed to violence (domestic, armed conflicts) • Age and disability

20. Factors of Vulnerability • Social / Organizational Vulnerability • Weak family / kinship structures • Lack of leadership and initiative to solve problems or conflicts • Exclusion of certain groups from decision-making or unequal participation in community affairs • Absence or weak community organizations • Social status (castes, ethnicity, gender) • Neglect from government and civil institutions

21. Factors of Vulnerability • Motivational / Attitudinal Vulnerability • Negative attitude towards change • Passivity, fatalism, hopelessness • Lack of initiative • Dependence on external support • Lack of knowledge and skills • Extremism

22. Capacity - Ifdtf The combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources available within a community, society or organization that can be used to achieve agreed goals. • …. resources, means and strengths, which exist in households and communities and which enable them to cope with, withstand, prepare for, prevent, mitigate, or quickly recover from a disaster. pknAw ;fwg, ;|f]t, 1fg / ;Lksf] ;d'lrt pkof]u u/L s'g} klg k|lts"n cj:yf jf cfktsfn jf ljkb\sf] cj:yfdf kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf tyf Joj:yfkg ug{ JolQm, ;d'bfo Pj+ ;ª3;+:yfx¿df cGtlg{lxt x'G5 .

23. Factors of Capacity • Physical / Economic Capacity • Money / Cash • Real Properties • Stable sources of income and livelihood • Safe infrastructures • Food security • Balanced natural environment • Limited number of hazards events

24. Factors of Capacity • Social / Organizational Capacity • Relationship with relatives and family • People – centered government • Strong civil society / empowered community • Functional community based and civic organizations • Optimum availability of basic social and health services • Strong social networks and institutions

25. Factors of Capacity • Motivational / Attitudinal Capacity • Knowledgeable and skillful • Confidence and self-esteem • Proactive attitude • Open to change and new ideas • Continual learning • Building on experiences • Positive perception in life

26. Existing Institutional Instruments • Natural Calamity (Relief ) Act, 1982 • Local Self Governance Act, 1999 • National Strategy for DRM 2009 • Rescue and Relief Standards, 2007 • Sector specific policies and plans (NPC) • National Disaster Management Act ( Proposed) • National Disaster Response Framework with 49 activities • Disaster Preparedness and Response Plan almost all district

27. Cabinet (Policy, Budget and Emergency Declaration) Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee (chaired by Home Minister) (Coordination, Response, Rescue, Relief) Regional Natural Disaster Relief Committee Chaired by Regional Administrator District Disaster Relief Committee Chaired by Chief District Officer (Execution, Rescue & Relief, Data collection) Institutional Framework(in line with 1982 Act) Rescue and Treatment Sub-Committee Chaired by Minister of Health and Population Supply, Shelter and Rehabilitation Sub-Committee Chaired by Minister of PP&W Central Natural Disaster Relief Fund Prime-Minister Natural Disaster Relief Fund National EOC c Regional EOC District EOC

28. National Emergency Operation Centre (NEOC) NEOC House

29. Emergency Response Mechanism (GoN) GON Declares Disaster (area, time) UN Resident / Humanitarian Coordinator International Appeal UNDAC / USAR Teams CNDRC meeting held Government Line Agencies Clusters Activated MoHA, / NEOC INGOs & others Disaster Situation Analysis (CDO, DDRC) (Search, Rescue, Immediate Relief)

30. Disaster Risk The potential disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets and services, which could occur to a particular community or a society over some specified future time period.

31. HAZARD X VULNERABILITY : CAPACITY DISASTER RISK

32. Capacity Vulnerability Risk Hazard

34. Disaster Risk Management The systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and activities to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster.

35. Our role in any disaster • What is our role in any disaster ? • Personal role • Organisational role

36. 3. Disaster risk management cycle

37. cEof; • ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf ul/g] lqmofsnfkx? s] s] x'g<

38. cEof; • Arrange following in disaster cycle order hf]lvdGo"lgs/0f (Risk Reduction) k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL (Early Warning System) k"j{ tof/L (Preparedness) p2f/ (Rescue) /fxft(Relief) k'g{nfe(Recovery) e08f/ dfkg(Stock Piling) clNks/0f (Mitigation) k'g{:yfkgf(Rehabilitation) /f]syfd(Prevention) k'g{lgdf{0f (Reconstruction) ljkb\ cufl8 (Pre Disaster) ljkb\ kZrft(Post- Disaster) k|ltsfo{ (Response)

39. DRM Cycle Disaster Preparedness Risk Reduction Pre disaster Post disaster Response Recovery

40. DRM Cycle Early Warning Disaster Preparedness Stock pilling Mitigation Risk Reduction Rescue Pre disaster Response Prevention Post disaster Relief Rehabilitation Recovery Reconstruction

41. Disaster Risk Management Approaches -ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsfcjwf/0fx?_

42. Traditional Approach-k/Dk/futcjwf/0ff_ • One has to help others in peril • Collection of grains and vegetables by relatives and neighbors during disaster • Helping disabled and building resting platforms for victims collecting help from each other and others

43. Sustainable development approach-lbuf] ljsf; cjwf/0ff_ • This approach facilitates the adoption of disaster mitigation programmes -clNks/0f sfo{qmdx?_ at the local level including structural and non structural -;+/rgfuttyf u}/ ;+/rgfut_measures. • It promotes the incorporation of disaster risk management in development planning. • It enhances the capacities of communities and coping systems at various levels and sectors towards self reliance and self sufficiency in managing disaster effectively.

44. Vulnerability reduction approach-;+s6f;Ggtf Go"lgs/0f cjwf/0ff_ • This approach addresses both the vulnerability and resilience by dealing with the causes of stresses and disasters, and strengthening communities at risk. • It includes a number of coordinated activities on vulnerability assessment, prevention and mitigation, and preparedness for response. • This insists on the building resilience capacity of the communities through strengthening their livelihood capacities.

45. Vulnerability to resilience approach (V2R)-;+s6f;Ggtf b]lv pTyfgzLntfcjwf/0ff_ • Capacitates vulnerable communities to absorb hazard stresses and shocks and bring their livelihoods back to original position. • It focuses on building adaptive capacity of livelihood elements to enhance their resilience capacities. • It is a two way approach of reducing hazard, exposure and sensitivity at one side and enhancing coping and restoration capacity of those vulnerable on the other.

47. Strengths for resilience

49. Key Challenges • Behaviour • Lack of authority bearing or less accountability • Converting situation towards personal opportunity to gain • Tendency of playing with loopholes • Weak compliance

50. Structure • Technical and financial capacity to successfully implement plans; • Difficult terrain and weak logistics resulting in delayed response; • Management of warehouses and Limited stockpiling; • Trained and consolidated Search and Rescue Team; • Communication equipment and infrastructures; • Implementation of National Building Codes; • Management of evacuation sites; • Limited Fire Services • Risk insurance ? tranfering risk ?