Energy Science Director: HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation

1. Low Carbon Strategies at the University of East Anglia Presentation available at: www2.env.uea.ac.uk/gmmc/env/energy.htm Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal 5th October 2007 Keith Tovey (杜伟贤)M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv CRed Energy Science Director: HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia

2. 7th March 2009 Professor Stephen Glaister is wrong (letter, 4 March). There will be plenty of electrical power to recharge the batteries of Boris Johnson's electric cars, without a large use of fossil fuels, at night, which is when electric car batteries are normally recharged. Relatively little electricity is used at night industrially, domestically or for transport or retail. The bulk of overnight use is met from nuclear, hydro-electric, wind and tidal generation; and generation from these sources will increase in the future. Sir Reginald E W Harland Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk

3. 10th March 2009 Sir Reginald Harland is incorrect (letter, 7 March) when he implies that there will be plenty of electricity available overnight without a large use of fossil fuels. The data of electricity generation in the UK in the night hours of midnight to 6am over the last four months show that on average 79 per cent of it came from fossil fuel. This percentage was only slightly less than the daytime use of fossil fuels, at 81.4 per cent. Indeed, during the past four months, the minimum overnight fossil fuel component (on 22 February) was 69.2 per cent, while on 6 January it reached 86.8 per cent. Thus the major part of overnight electricity is always derived from fossil fuels. Indeed, the situation will get worse in the short term with the closure of our nuclear ageing plant, as despite a significant recent increase in renewable generation from wind etc, this has not kept pace with the loss of low-carbon nuclear capacity. Dr Keith Tovey CEng Reader in Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, NORWICH

4. Low Carbon Strategies at the University of East Anglia • Low Energy Buildings and their Management • Low Carbon Energy Provision • Photovoltaics • CHP • Adsorption chilling • Biomass Gasification • Awareness issues • Low Energy Buildings and their Management

5. Original buildings Teaching wall Student residences Library

6. Nelson Court楼 Constable Terrace楼

7. Low Energy Educational Buildings低能耗示范建筑 Nursing and Midwifery School护理与育产学院 Medical School Phase 2医学院2期 ZICER楼 Elizabeth Fry Building 伊丽莎白楼 Medical School 医学院

8. The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994 Elizabeth Fry Binası - 1994 Cost ~6% more but has heating requirement ~20% of average building at time. Significantly outperforms even latest Building Regulations. Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler. Maliyeti ~%6 daha fazla olsada, ısınma ihtiyacı zamanın ortalama binalarının ~%20’si. En son Bina Yönetmeliklerini bile büyük ölçüde aşmaktadır. Tek bir ev tipi merkezi ısıtma kazanı ile çalışmaktadır.

9. Conservation: management improvementsKoruma: yönetimde iyileştirmeler Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption. Dikkatli İzleme ve Analiz, enerji tüketimini azaltabilir. .

10. Comparison with other buildings Diğer Binalarla Karşılaştırma Carbon Dioxide Performance Karbon Dioksit Performanı Energy Performance Enerji Performansı

11. Non Technical Evaluation of Elizabeth Fry Building Performance Elizabeth Fry Bina Performansının Teknik Olmayan Değerlendirmesi User Satisfaction Kullanıcı memnuniyeti thermal comfort +28% air quality +36% lighting +25% noise +26% Isıl rahatlık+%28 Hava kalitesi+%36 aydınlatma +%25 gürültü +%26 Bir Düşük Enerji binası ayrıca içinde çalışmak için de daha iyi bir yerdir. A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in.

12. ZICER Building • Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 57% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control. • Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor Won the Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005

13. The ground floor open plan office The first floor open plan office The first floor cellular offices

14. The ZICER Building – • Main part of the building • High in thermal mass • Air tight • High insulation standards • Triple glazing with low emissivity ~ equivalent to quintuple glazing

15. Operation of Main Building Regenerative heat exchanger Incoming air into the AHU Mechanically ventilated that utilizes hollow core ceiling slabs as supply air ducts to the space

16. Operation of Main Building Filter 过滤器 Heater 加热器 Air passes through hollow cores in the ceiling slabs 空气通过空心的板层 Air enters the internal occupied space 空气进入内部使用空间

17. Space for future chilling 将来制冷的空间 The return air passes through the heat exchanger 空气回流进入热交换器 Operation of Main Building Recovers 87% of Ventilation Heat Requirement. Out of the building 出建筑物 Return stale air is extracted from each floor 从每层出来的回流空气

18. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Warm air Warm air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures Air Temperature is same as building fabric leading to a more pleasant working environment Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs store heat from appliances and body heat. 热量在进入房间之前被传递到空气中 板层储存来自于电器以及人体发出的热量 Winter Day

19. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Cold air Cold air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures In late afternoon heating is turned off. Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs also radiate heat back into room 热量在进入房间之前被传递到空气中 板层也把热散发到房间内 Winter Night

20. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Cool air Cool air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures Draws out the heat accumulated during the day Cools the slabs to act as a cool store the following day 把白天聚积的热量带走。 冷却板层使其成为来日的冷存储器 night ventilation/ free cooling Summer night

21. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Warm air Warm air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures Slabs pre-cool the air before entering the occupied space concrete absorbs and stores heat less/no need for air-conditioning 空气在进入建筑使用空间前被预先冷却 混凝土结构吸收和储存了热量以减少/停止对空调的使用 Summer day

22. Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements 800 350 Space Heating Consumption reduced by 57% 能源消耗（kWh/天） 原始供热方法 新供热方法

23. Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER compared to other buildings 与其他建筑相比ZICER楼的能量需求 自然通风221508GJ 使用空调384967GJ 建造209441GJ Materials Production 材料制造 Materials Transport 材料运输 On site construction energy现场建造 Workforce Transport劳动力运输 Intrinsic Heating / Cooling energy 基本功暖/供冷能耗 Functional Energy功能能耗 Refurbishment Energy改造能耗 Demolition Energy拆除能耗 28% 54% 51% 34% 29% 61%

24. Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER compared to other buildings Compared to the Air-conditioned office, ZICER as built recovers extra energy required in construction in under 1 year.

25. Low Carbon Strategies at the University of East Anglia • Low Energy Buildings and their Management • Low Carbon Energy Provision • Photovoltaics • CHP • Adsorption chilling • Biomass Gasification • Awareness issues

26. ZICER Building Photo shows only part of top Floor • Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays • Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6.7 kW in 3 arrays

27. Performance of PV cells on ZICER Output per unit area Little difference between orientations in winter months Load factors Façade: 2% in winter ~8% in summer Roof 2% in winter 15% in summer

28. Performance of PV cells on ZICER All arrays of cells on roof have similar performance respond to actual solar radiation The three arrays on the façade respond differently

29. 120 150 180 210 240 Orientation relative to True North

31. Arrangement of Cells on Facade Individual cells are connected horizontally Cells active Cells inactive even though not covered by shadow If individual cells are connected vertically, only those cells actually in shadow are affected. As shadow covers one column all cells are inactive 31 31 31

32. Use of PV generated energy Peak output is 34 kW峰值34 kW Sometimes electricity is exported Inverters are only 91% efficient • Most use is for computers • DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient • Need an integrated approach

33. Performance of PV cells on ZICER Cost of Generated Electricity Grant was ~ £172 000 out of a total of ~ £480 000

34. Efficiency of PV Cells Poly-crystalline Cell Efficiency Mono-crystalline Cell Efficiency • Peak Cell efficiency is ~ 9.5%. • Average efficiency over year is 7.5% • Peak Cell efficiency is ~ 14% and close to standard test bed efficiency. • Most projections of performance use this efficiency • Average efficiency over year is 11.1% Inverter Efficiencies reduce overall system efficiencies to 10.1% and 6.73% respectively

35. Comparison of other PV Systems

36. Life Cycle Issues Life Time of cells (years)

37. 3% Radiation Losses 11% Flue Losses Gas Exhaust Heat Exchanger Engine Generator 36% Electricity 50% Heat Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP Localised generation makes use of waste heat. Reduces conversion losses significantly 36% 61% Flue Losses 86% Heat Exchanger

38. UEA’s Combined Heat and Power 3 units each generating up to 1.0 MW electricity and 1.4 MW heat

39. Conversion efficiency improvements Before installation After installation This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide 39

40. Conversion efficiency improvements Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectively More electricity could be generated in summer 40 40

41. 绝热 高温高压 Heat rejected High Temperature High Pressure 节流阀 Compressor 冷凝器 Throttle Valve Condenser 蒸发器 低温低压 压缩器 Evaporator Low Temperature Low Pressure 为冷却进行热提取 Heat extracted for cooling A typical Air conditioning/Refrigeration Unit

42. 外部热 Heat from external source 绝热 高温高压 Heat rejected High Temperature High Pressure 吸收器 Desorber 节流阀 冷凝器 Throttle Valve Condenser 热交换器 Heat Exchanger 蒸发器 低温低压 Evaporator Low Temperature Low Pressure W ~ 0 吸收器 为冷却进行热提取 Absorber Heat extracted for cooling Absorption Heat Pump Adsorption Heat pump reduces electricity demand and increases electricity generated

43. A 1 MW Adsorption chiller 1 MW 吸附冷却器 • Uses Waste Heat from CHP • provides most of chilling requirements in summer • Reduces electricity demand in summer • Increases electricity generated locally • Saves ~500 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually

44. The Future: Biomass Advanced Gasifier/ Combined Heat and Power • Addresses increasing demand for energy as University expands • Will provide an extra 1.4MW of electrical energy and 2MWth heat • Will have under 7 year payback • Will use sustainable local wood fuel mostly from waste from saw mills • Will reduce Carbon Emissions of UEA by ~ 25% despite increasing • student numbers by 250%

45. The Future: Biomass Advanced Gasifier/ Combined Heat and Power • 1990-2006 • 5870 -14,047 students (+239% ) • 138,000 -207,000 sq.m (+49% ) • 19,420 - 21,652 T of CO2 (+10% ) • 1990-2006 • 3308 -1541 kg/student (-53% ) • 140 -104 kg/CO2/sq.m (-25%) • 2009 with Biomass in operation • 24.5% reduction in CO2 over 1990 levels despite increases in students and building area • More than 70% reduction in emission per student

46. Low Carbon Strategies at the University of East Anglia • Low Energy Buildings and their Management • Low Carbon Energy Provision • Photovoltaics • CHP • Adsorption chilling • Biomass Gasification • Awareness issues

47. Target Day Results of the “Big Switch-Off” With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possible How can these be translated into long term savings?

48. A Pathway to a Low Carbon Future: A summary • Raising Awareness Good Management Offset Carbon Emissions Using Renewable Energy Using Efficient Equipment 48

49. Now the Energy Tour • Elizabeth Fry Building • ZICER Building • Boiler House