The Human Body: An Orientation

1. 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

2. I. An Overview of Anatomy A. Anatomy - The study of the structure of the human body B. Physiology - The study of body function of the human body

3. C. Sub-disciplines of anatomy ► Gross anatomy ► Regional anatomy ► Systemic anatomy ► Surface anatomy ► Microscopic anatomy (histology)

4. D. Other branches of anatomy ► Developmental anatomy ► Embryology ► Pathological anatomy (pathology) ► Radiographic anatomy ► Functional morphology

5. E. Anatomical terminology ► Based on ancient Greek or Latin ► Provides standard nomenclature worldwide

6. Prefix Meaning Example___________________ Ab- from, away abnormal - away from normal Ad- to, near, toward adrenal - near the kindey Ante- before antepartum - before delivery of child Brady- slow bradycardia - slow heart beat Brev- short brevity - in a short time Circum- around circumocular - around the eye Co- with, together coordinate - work together Con- with, together congenital - with birth Contra- against contraindicated - not indicated Counter- against counterirritant - against irritation Dis- apart from disarticulated - taking a joint apart Ect- outside ectonuclear - outside the nucleus End- within endocardium - lining inner heart Epi- upon, on top of epidermis - upon the skin Ex- out from exhalation - breathe out Hypo- under, lower hypodermic - under the skin Hyper- above, higher hyperactive - higher level activity

7. Im- not immature - not mature In- not incurable - not curable Infra- under, below infrapatellar - below the knee Peri- around pericardium - sac around the heart Post- after postmortem - after death Pre- before prenatal - before birth Pro- before prognosis - a fore-knowing Super- above, on top superciliary - above the eyebrow Supra- above, on top suprapubic - above the pubic bone Sym- with, together symphony - sounds played together Syn- with, together synarthrosis - union of bones Trans- through, across transurethral - through the urethra Prefixes Indicating Number and Measurement Uni- one unicycle - one wheel Mono- one mononuclear - one nucleus Bi- two bilateral - two sides Bin- two binocular - two eyes Di- two dicephalic - two heads Ter- three tertiary - the third part or stage

8. Tri- three trilobar - three lobes Quadr- four quadriceps - muscle w four heads Tetra- four tetracylcine - four-ringed molecule Poly- many polydactyly - many digits (more than 5) Oligo- few oligosaccharide - few sugars linked together Micro- small microscope - equipment to view small things Macro- large macrophage - large eating cell Mega- great/enormous megadontia - huge teeth Prefixes Denoting Organs, Structures, Things Acoust- sound acoustics - quality of sound Aud- ear, hear audition - to hear someone Abdomin/o abdomen abdominal - relating to the abdomen Acr/o extremity, limbs acromegaly - abnormally large limbs Blast/o early, embryonic blastocyte - embryonic type cell Aden/o gland adenopathy - disease of a gland Angi/o vessel angiogram - picture of a vessel

9. Arthr/o joint arthritis - inflammation of a joint Bucc/o cheek buccolabial - relating to cheek and lip Cardi/o heart cardiology - study of the heart Corp- body corpus callosum - connecting body Chondr/o cartilage chondrocyte - cartilage cell Cephal/o head cephalic - relating to the head Cyst/o bladder cystoscopy - view of the bladder Cyt/o cell cytokinesis - cell movement Dent/o tooth dental - referring to teeth Dermat/o skin dermatitis - skin inflammation Duoden/o duodenum duodenal - relating to the duodenum Encephal/o brain encephalitis - brain inflammation Gastr/o stomach gastrointestinal - stomach and intestine Hepat/o liver hepatitis - liver inflammation Gloss/o tongue glossopathy - tongue disease Glute- buttocks gluteus minimus - small buttocks muscle Laryng/o larynx laryngitis - larynx inflammation My/o muscle myocardium - heart muscle

10. Nephr/o kidney nephrologist - one who studies kidneys Neur/o nerve neurosurgeon - surgeon of nervous system Oste/o bone osteocyte - bone cell Ot/o ear otitis media - middle ear inflammation Ophthalm/o eye exophthalmos - eyes bulge out Path/o disease pathological - relating to disease Pneumon/o lung pneumonia - condition of the lung Rhin/o nose rhinoplasty - reform the nose Stomat/o mouth, opening stomatitis - mouth inflammation Thorac/o chest or thorax thoracocentesis - puncture of the thorax Suffixes Denoting Relations, Conditions, and Agents -ac related to cardiac - related to the heart -ious related to contagious - communicable by contact -ic related to pyloric - related to pyloric valve of stomach -ism condition mutism - condition of being mute -osis condition scoliosis - S-shaped condition of backbone -tion condition constipation - constant blockage condition

11. -ist agent (a person) opthalmologist - eye doctor -or agent operator -er agent examiner -ician agent physician -centesis to puncture amniocentesis - puncture the amnion (fluid) -ectomy to cut out and remove appendectomy - cut out & remove appendix -ostomy to cut and form opening colostomy - opening to drain the colon -otomy to cut or slice tracheotomy - cut the trachea -pexy to fix or repair gastropexy - repair the stomach -plasty to reform or repair rhinoplasty - reform the nose -rraphy to suture, sew ateriorraphy - suture an artery -scopy to view otoscope - instrument to view ear -algia pain neuralgia - nerve pain -cide kill or destroy germicide - substance that kills germs -emia of the blood cholesterolemia - cholesterol in the blood -gram writing or record electrocardiogram - record of heart action

12. -graph recording instrument electrocardiograph - records the heart -itis inflammation appendicitis - appendix inflammation -ology the study of ophthalmology - study of the eye -oma tumor lymphoma - tumor of lymphatics -orrhea flow menorrhea - flow during menstruation -malacia soft osteomalacia - bone softening -phasia speech dysphasia - slurred or blunted speech -phobia fear arachnophobia - fear of spiders

13. II. The Hierarchy of Structural Organization A. Chemical level - atoms form molecules B. Cellular level - cells and their functional subunits C. Tissue level - a group of cells performing a common function D. Organ level - a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue E. Organ system level - organs work together for a common purpose F. Organismal level - the result of all simpler levels working in unison

15. Axial region Cephalic (head) Frontal Orbital Nasal Upper limb Oral Acromial Mental Brachial (arm) Cervical (neck) Antecubital Thoracic Antebrachial (forearm) Sternal Axillary Carpal (wrist) Mammary Abdominal Umbilical Manus (hand) Pelvic Pollex Palmar Inguinal (groin) Digital Lower limb Coxal (hip) Pubic (genital) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Crural (leg) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Thorax Tarsal (ankle) Abdomen Metatarsal Digital Back (Dorsum) Hallux Anterior/Ventral

16. Appendicularregion Cephalic Otic Occipital (back of head) Upper limb Acromial Cervical Brachial (arm) Olecranal Antebrachial (forearm) Back (dorsal) Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Manus (hand) Sacral Metacarpal Digital Gluteal Perineal(between anusand externalgenitalia) Lower limb Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) Fibular or peroneal Thorax Abdomen Pedal (foot) Back (Dorsum) Calcaneal Plantar Posterior/Dorsal

19. III. Organ Systems A. Integumentary System 1. forms external body covering 2. protects deeper tissues from injury 3. synthesizes vitamin D 4. site of cutaneous receptors for feeling 5. (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands B. Skeletal System 1. protects and supports body organs 2. provides a framework for muscles 3. blood cells formed within bones 4. stores minerals

20. C. Muscular System 1. allows manipulation of environment 2. locomotion and body movement 3. facial expression 4. maintains posture 5. produces heat D. Nervous System 1. fast-acting control system 2. responds to internal and external changes E. Endocrine System 1. glands secrete hormones that regulate functions

21.  F. Cardiovascular System 1. blood vessels transport blood 2. blood carries oxygen and carbon dioxide 3. it also carries nutrients and wastes 4. heart pumps blood through blood vessels G. Lymphatic System/Immunity 1. Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels 2. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system 3. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) 4. Mounts attack against foreign substances in the body

22. H. Respiratory System 1. keeps blood supplied with oxygen 2. removes carbon dioxide 3. gas exchange through walls of air sacs in the lungs I. Digestive System 1. breaks down food into absorbable units 2. indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces

23. J. Urinary System 1. eliminates nitrogenous wastes 2. regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance K. Male & Female Reproductive Systems 1. overall function is to produce offspring 2. testes produce sperm and male sex hormones 3. ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones 4. mammary glands produce milk

24. IV. Gross Anatomy—An Introduction A. Anatomical position—a common visual reference point ► Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward ► Palms face anteriorly; thumbs pointed away from the body B. Regional terms 1. Axial region: axis of body (head, neck, and trunk) 2. Appendicular region – appendages

25. V. Regional and Directional Terms A. Terms are paired with opposite 1. superior/inferior 2. anterior/posterior 3. medial/lateral 4. superficial/deep B. Body Planes and Sections 1. frontal (coronal) plane 2. transverse plane 3. sagittal plane - divide the body into right and left parts a. median (midsagittal) plane b. parasagittal planes

26. Median section(midsagittal) Frontal plane Median(midsagittal)plane Transverseplane Rectum Intestines Vertebralcolumn Frontal section(through torso) Transverse section(through torso, inferior view) Spleen Liver Subcutaneousfat layer Liver Stomach Pancreas Spinal cord Aorta Left andright lungs Heart Arm Body wall

27. C. Body Cavities and Membranes 1. dorsal body cavity a. cranial cavity b. vertebral cavity 2. ventral body cavity a. thoracic cavity - divided into two parts i. pleural cavity ii. mediastinum—(heart surrounded by organs) b. abdominopelvic cavity—divided into two parts i. Abdominal cavity—(liver, stomach, etc.) ii. Pelvic cavity—(bladder, rectum)

29. VI. Membranes A. Serous cavities - lined by a serous membrane 1. Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum a. parietal serosa – lines the wall of the body cavity b. visceral serosa – covers the visceral organs 2. Serous fluid - in-between parietal and visceral a. reduces friction

30. VII. Abdominal Quadrants ► right upper & left upper quadrants ► right lower & left lower quadrants

31. Abdominopelvic Regions • Umbilical • Epigastric • Hypogastric • Right and left iliac or inguinal • Right and left lumbar • Right and left hypochondriac Figure 1.11a

32. VIII. Clinical Anatomy—Medical Imaging Techniques A. X ray (radiograph)—electromagnetic waves of very short length 1. Best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense structures B. Computed (axial) tomography (CT or CAT) 1. Takes successive X rays around circumference 2. Computer translates into a detailed picture

33. X-ray

34. X-ray with barium in intestine

35. CAT scan

36. C. Angiography 1. Contrast medium highlights vessel structure 2. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) 3. Images taken before/after contrast medium injection

37. D. Positron Emission Tomography 1. forms images using radioactive isotopes injected

38. E. Sonography 1. sound waves echo off the body tissues (like radar)

39. F. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 1. high quality images of tissues based on amount of water