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The Roaring Twenties: Politics, Economy, and Culture

Explore the political landscape of the 1920s United States, from the election of Warren G. Harding to the impact of the Great Depression. Discover the booming economy, consumer society, cultural shifts, and social struggles of the era.

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The Roaring Twenties: Politics, Economy, and Culture

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  1. The Roaring Twenties AP United States History

  2. Election of 1920 • Warren G. Harding (R) • “A Return to Normalcy” • James M. Cox (D) • Eugene V. Debs (Socialist) • Received 913,664 votes despite incarceration

  3. Warren G. Harding (R) (1921-1923) • “A Return to Normalcy.” • Emergency Quota Act (1921) • Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922) • Washington Naval Conference (1922-1923) • Teapot Dome Scandal • Harding died in office • Calvin Coolidge assumed presidency

  4. Election of 1924 • Calvin Coolidge (R) • Booming economy and conservatism • John W. Davis (D) • Democrats split between conservatives and liberals (LaFollette)

  5. Calvin Coolidge (R) (1923-1928) • “The business of the American people is business.” • National Origins Act (1924) • Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

  6. Election of 1928 • Herbert Hoover (R) • Al Smith (D) • First Catholic major party candidate

  7. Herbert Hoover (R) (1929-1933) • “Given the chance to go forward with the policies of the last eight years, we shall soon… be in sight of the day when poverty will be banished from this nation.” • Great Depression • Voluntarism • Stock Market Crash of 1929 • Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930) • Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1932) • Bonus Army (1932)

  8. American Consumer Society • Welfare Capitalism • Real income increases • Higher rate for owners, managers, skilled labor • Minimal increased rates for unskilled labor and working class • Insurance, profit-sharing, worker safety • Decreased influence of unions • Mass Production • Wide variety and availability of consumer products at affordable prices • Model T • Domestic appliances • Installment Plans • Impact of the Automobile

  9. Consumer Ads

  10. 1920s SocietyBlacks • White Resentment • Lynchings increased especially in the South • Universal Negro Improvement Association • Marcus Garvey • Economic solidarity and advancement for blacks • Failed attempt of mass migration to Africa • Inspired black pride and nationalism

  11. 1920s SocietyImmigrants • First Red Scare and Nativism • Quota Laws • Emergency Quota Act (1921) • 3% of 1910 Census • National Origins Act (1924) • 2% of 1890 Census • Sacco and Vanzetti Trial (1920-1927) • Two Italian immigrants executed for murder despite little evidence

  12. 1920s SocietyWomen • Nineteenth Amendment and Voting • Usually voted as husbands • Politicians catered to female-friendly legislation and programs • Employment • Clerical, teachers, nurses, domestic servants • Lower wages and no managerial positions • Margaret Sanger • American Birth Control League • Established Planned Parenthood • Flapper Girl • Young women of the Jazz Age • Short hair, short hemline, cosmetics, cigarette

  13. 1920s Culture WarsProhibition • Eighteenth Amendment and Volsteadt Act • Supported by middle-class progressives and rural Protestants especially in South and West • Generally ignored in urban centers • Bootleggers/Rumrunners • Smuggling of alcohol • Rise of organized crime • Al Capone • Speakeasies • Underground saloons

  14. 1920s Culture WarsKu Klux Klan

  15. 1920s Culture WarsReligion • Fundamentalism • Literal view of Bible; Creationism • Attacked urban lifestyle and culture • Revivalists • Billy Sunday • Aimee Semple McPherson • Modernism • Liberal view of religion • Acceptance and coordination of science and context with faith • Scopes Monkey Trial (1925) • Law against teaching of evolution in Tennessee public school • Creationism • William Jennings Bryan • Evolution • Clarence Darrow

  16. 1920s Culture WarsHero Worship • Athletes, celebrities, innovators famed for individual accomplishment • A personification of American individualism • Babe Ruth • Charles Lindbergh • Fueled tabloid and gossip columns in newspapers and magazines

  17. 1920s Culture WarsThe Jazz Age • Inspiration of rebellious youth and liberal reaction to conservatism and fundamentalism • Song and Dance • Jazz • Louis Armstrong • George Gershwin • Speakeasies • Dance Clubs • Waltz to Foxtrot to Charleston • Josephine Baker • Flappers • Radio • Mainstream medium • Networks: NBC, CBS • Cinema • Talkies • The Jazz Singer • Nickelodeons • Charlie Chaplin

  18. 1920s Culture WarsLiterature • The Lost Generation • Disillusioned by World War I, consumerism, and modernism • Ernest Hemingway • The Sun Also Rises • A Farewell to Arms • Sinclair Lewis • Babbitt • F. Scott Fitzgerald • The Great Gatsby

  19. 1920s Culture WarsHarlem Renaissance • Fueled by the Great Migration and inspired by black pride • Themes challenged racist stereotypes • “Black is beautiful” • Langston Hughes • Zora Neale Hurston • The New Negro: An Interpretation (1925)

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