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Mongol Conquests: Rise and Legacy

Explore the rise of the Mongols under Genghis Khan, their ruthless conquests, and the lasting impact of their empire. Discover the geography of the steppe, the nomadic way of life, and the era of Pax Mongolica with its cultural exchanges and challenges.

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Mongol Conquests: Rise and Legacy

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  1. 12.2 – The Mongol Conquests

  2. Geography of the Steppe • Eastern section (Mongolia) – home of the Huns, Turks, & the Mongols • Short grasses & little rain • Dramatic temperature changes • Movements west & south = milder climate & more rainfall

  3. Nomads • Pastoralists = Nomads that herd domesticated animals • Follow seasonal pattern of movement = battle over grassland & water • Depend on animals for everything • Travel together, forming clans • Raid & plunder other clans or weakened/divided empires

  4. Rise of the Mongols • 1206: Mongols united by Temujin; takes title of Genghis Khan (“universal ruler”) • Ruthless campaigns across Asia • Slaughters those who don’t surrender • Destroys Cities (ex. Samarkand) • Gains vast riches = plunder • 1225: Central Asia under Mongol rule

  5. The Conqueror • Brilliant Organizer • Small, mobile armies of 10k w/ leaders being most experienced & loyal • Great Strategist • Feint-&-Attack – Fall back & spring the trap • Siege warfare = launch diseased cows into cities • Cruel • Threatened to kill an entire cities if they didn’t surrender = causes many to surrender w/o a fight • Dies in 1227 from illness

  6. Genghis Khan’s Empire

  7. Empire • X<50yrs: Control lands stretching from China to Poland = largest unified land empire in history • Even defeat China, invade Korea, & conquer Persia • Divide empire into 4 regions or khanates, each ruled by a descendant of Genghis Khan • Khanate of the Great Khan (Mongolia & China) • Khanate of Chagatai (Central Asia) • Ilkhanate (Persia) • Khanate of the Golden Horde (Russia)

  8. Mongol Rule • Many areas never recover: • Populations wiped out • Irrigation destroyed • Ferocious in war, tolerant in peace • Allow peoples to keep culture & beliefs; even adopt aspects as well • Ex: Golden Horde & Ilkhanate become Muslim • Cultural differences b/w khanates leads to splitting of the empire (eventual)

  9. Pax Mongolica • Mid-1200s – Mid-1300s – Stability reigns across Mongol lands = PaxMongolica • “Mongolian Peace” • Guarantee safe passage across empire for travelers & trade • Ideas & inventions flow east & west • Ex. Gunpowder • Bad: Bubonic plague spread west b/c of Mongols

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