Implementing Air Quality Directives in Lombardy Region: Challenges and Solutions

1. Implementing plans and programmes under Air Quality Directives in condition of difficult attainability of limit values: the case of Lombardy Region Prof. Carlo Maria Marino President of ARPA Lombardia “Improving Air Quality in the enlarged EU: Workshop on Plans and Programmes of Air Quality and NEC Directives” Brussels, 1 – 2 September 2004

2. Land use From emission inventory: Population density Zones Km2 Populations Bergamo 195 298.120 Brescia 398 368.642 Cremona 70 72.129 Como 236 460.062 Lecco 45 45.324 Milano 580 2.438.544 Lodi 42 41.990 Sempione 241 463.315 Mantova 64 49.064 Totale 1650 4.028.683 Pavia 63 74.065 Sondrio 21 22.045 Varese 55 84.187 Zone > LV more than 1 poll 5408 2.420.527 Zone > LV Ozone 7511 557.352 Zone < LV except hot spot 13520 1.591.433 Total 360 388.804 Delimitation of zones and agglomerations • Lombardy Region: • 9.065.440 inhabitants • 378 inhabs./km2 • 23.861 km2 • Gross Domestic Product (GDP): • 220.800 mln € (20% of Italian GDP) • Number of private companies: • 877122 (15% of Italy total) “Improving Air Quality in the enlarged EU: Workshop on Plans and Programmes of Air Quality and NEC Directives” Brussels, 1 – 2 September 2004

3. Air quality assessment Milan – 2003 – “via Messina” (urban mean station – city centre – gravimetric method) Milan - “via Messina” (urban mean station – city centre ) Composition (% in mass) “Improving Air Quality in the enlarged EU: Workshop on Plans and Programmes of Air Quality and NEC Directives” Brussels, 1 – 2 September 2004

4. Air quality assessment PM10 Rural Background “Improving Air Quality in the enlarged EU: Workshop on Plans and Programmes of Air Quality and NEC Directives” Brussels, 1 – 2 September 2004

5. Plans and programmes Limitation of circulation of pre-euro private vehicles from November to February and Sundays stops in agglomerations with more than 250.000 inhabs. (red areas) Road transport Control of vehicles emissions (bollino blu – blue sticker) • Incentive to replace pre-euro private cars • (30.000 contributions given) Replacement / renew of old bus for public transport with new vehicles with Particulate Traps or powered with Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) or methane (CH4) (2000 bus substituted 2003 -2004 Total public investment 2003 - 2017 = 125 mln € ) “Improving Air Quality in the enlarged EU: Workshop on Plans and Programmes of Air Quality and NEC Directives” Brussels, 1 – 2 September 2004

6. Plans and programmes 4.000 mln € invested in subways during the next 12 years 1.700 mln € invested in railways during the next 12 years Public rail - transport : 200 mln € invested for new coaches during the next 5 years “Improving Air Quality in the enlarged EU: Workshop on Plans and Programmes of Air Quality and NEC Directives” Brussels, 1 – 2 September 2004

7. Plans and programmes prohibition of use of carbon, coke, heavy oil fuel in domestic heating systems < 10 MW in agglomerations (red and orange areas) promotion of replacement of heavy and light oil fuel – boiler with new ones, burning methane 21 mln € invested from 2003 to 2005 Domestic Heating promotion of cogeneration and district heating plants 154 mln € invested from 2003 to 2005 “Improving Air Quality in the enlarged EU: Workshop on Plans and Programmes of Air Quality and NEC Directives” Brussels, 1 – 2 September 2004

8. Plans and programmes Official renew of Best Available Technologies for some types of industrial processes Industrial plants Technological and quality of fuels prescriptions From 2002 to 2005, complete substitution of all existing thermal power plants with new natural gas combined-cycle gas turbine power plants Energy production plants New limits of emission of NOX for natural gas combined-cycle gas turbine power plants (30 mg/Nm3) “Improving Air Quality in the enlarged EU: Workshop on Plans and Programmes of Air Quality and NEC Directives” Brussels, 1 – 2 September 2004

9. Plans and programmes Network of pumps of methane gas for vehicles (11,3 mln € invested from 2004 to 2005) • Bicycle - ways (5 mln € invested from 2004 to 2005) Public support to: • Power saving of public administrations (9,5 mln € invested from 2004 to 2005) • Alternative renewable energy sources : promotion of solar thermal and solar photovoltaic (17 mln € invested from 2002 to 2004) Altogether all the measures are collected in a “Blue – book” “Libro Azzurro” More than 60 actions, from “research” to “prohibition” and to “promotion” “Improving Air Quality in the enlarged EU: Workshop on Plans and Programmes of Air Quality and NEC Directives” Brussels, 1 – 2 September 2004

10. PM10 Hourly % Reduction with vehicles stop Simulation of all vehicles stop PM10 Hourly Evolution – Without stop Simulations of the results of a complete stop of all motor vehicles (except for gas fuelled and zero-emissions) in the Area Unica (greater Milan Area, about 4 mln inhabs.) show that PM10 concentrations, in typical winter conditions of thermal inversion, improved on average of 4.5%, with a maximal hourly difference of 25% (when and where concentrations reached their highest peaks) even drastic actions achieve only limited results

11. Bernina 4050 m a. s. l. 90 km to Alps Grigna 2500 m a. s. l. 50 km to Pre – Alps “Improving Air Quality in the enlarged EU: Workshop on Plans and Programmes of Air Quality and NEC Directives” Brussels, 1 – 2 September 2004

12. From:  NILU – National Institute of Public Health and Environment (Bilthoven, Netherlands) RIVM – Norvegian Institute for Air Researc (Kjeller, Norway) AIR QUALITY IN MAJOR EUROPEAN CITY (1995) –Part II: City Report Forms “Improving Air Quality in the enlarged EU: Workshop on Plans and Programmes of Air Quality and NEC Directives” Brussels, 1 – 2 September 2004

13. Milano 19 October 2003 “Improving Air Quality in the enlarged EU: Workshop on Plans and Programmes of Air Quality and NEC Directives” Brussels, 1 – 2 September 2004

14. Conclusions • In Lombardy Region the way proposed by air quality directives was integrally • followed since 1999: • - agglomerations and zones were delimited • - air quality is assessed; • - plans and programmes were adopted , • with actions towards all the relevant sources • Emissions decrease is not followed by a comparable decrease of pollutants’ • concentrations, mostly for unfavorable orographic and meteorological conditions: • collectivity has to support high costs to obtain only small results on air quality • Reporting of results of actions undertaken and, more generally, air quality directives, • might be focused not only on being above or under limit values, • but also on emissions’ and concentrations’ trends • Directives must be strictly binding regarding the adoption of best available practices • and technologies but more flexible on the deadline to accomplish to the limit values, • at least for sites with unfavorable orography or persistent meteorological stability “Improving Air Quality in the enlarged EU: Workshop on Plans and Programmes of Air Quality and NEC Directives” Brussels, 1 – 2 September 2004