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5.2 - Nuclear Chemistry

5.2 - Nuclear Chemistry. When you think of nuclear chemistry, what do you think of?. Fat man fission bomb – Nagasaki, Japan 1945 - Plutonium. Little Boy fission bomb –Hiroshima, Japan 1945 - Uranium. Nagaski. Chernobyl, Ukraine 1986. Nuclear Chemistry.

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5.2 - Nuclear Chemistry

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  1. 5.2 - Nuclear Chemistry

  2. When you think of nuclear chemistry, what do you think of? • Fat man fission bomb – Nagasaki, Japan 1945 - Plutonium • Little Boy fission bomb –Hiroshima, Japan 1945 - Uranium

  3. Nagaski

  4. Chernobyl, Ukraine 1986

  5. Nuclear Chemistry • NuclearChemistry – the study of changes occurring in the nucleus of atoms

  6. Types of radiation • Alpha () particle  Helium (He) nucleus (2 protons and 2 neutrons) • +2 charge, mass # = 4amu • poor penetrating ability • ionize molecules that they contact

  7. Types of radiation • Beta () particles • charge of –1; negligible mass • high penetrating ability; lower ionization ability than  particles • produced by change of neutron to proton

  8. Types of radiation • Gamma Rays • Electromagnetic Rays • High penetrating and ionization • Higher than both  and  particles

  9. Radioisotopes • No stable isotopes above atomic numbers 83 (Bismuth) • Isotopes with unstable nucleus are radioisotopes • Radioisotopes will naturally lose part of their nucleus by radioactive decay • Radioisotopes decay at different rates

  10. Transmutation • Transmutation – the change of an atom from one element to another • Radioactive Decay Series – A series of Transmuations eventually ends with a stable element • U-238 decay series • U-238 will emit  and particles in a series of nuclear reactions ending with Pb-206. *Nuclear Reactions involve a change in mass, charge or both

  11. 2.  emission • U-238 decays by  emission to produce Th-234 • Equation

  12.  emission • Th-234 is also unstable and will emit a  - particle • The series continues through 12 more transmutations until the atom ends as a stable atom of Pb-206

  13. Equation • The Law of Nuclear Equations • Charge and mass must be equal on both sides of the equation

  14. Nuclear Fission • Nuclear Fission – splitting of atomic nuclei in fragments • Releases large amounts of energy • Example U-235 is bombarded with neutrons and splits to produce Ba-141;Kr-92 and 3 neutrons • The three neutrons released can split other U-235 nuclei (chain reaction) • Critical Mass – the amount of substance required to sustain a chain reaction

  15. Nuclear Fusion – 2 or more light nuclei combine to form a nucleus with slightly less total mass • Fusion requires high energy to overcome repulsion of nuclei • Pro’s – high energy; low waste; available fuel • Con’s – extreme temperature; contain vessel; heat pollution

  16. Uses of radioisotopes • Tracers – the movement of radioisotopes that can be traced through an organism • Gamma radiation used to destroy bacteria and fight cancer cells • RadioactiveDating – using half-life of radioisotopes to date relics • U-238; C-14 • Ratio of C-12 of C14 changes after an organism dies. By comparing this ratio to the set ratio in the environment we can determine the relative age of organic matter

  17. Particleaccelerations – accelerate particles used to “bombard” atoms and induce radioactivity • Fuel – nuclear energy

  18. Particle Accelerators

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