Landforms of .Asia: Galilee Mountains, Negev Desert, Euphrates River, Jordan River

1. Asia #1 Chapter

2. Landforms • Galilee Mountains – located in northern Israel • Negev Desert – southern Israel, connects desert to Sinai peninsula • Euphrates River is most important in Syria for water supply • Jordan River flows through all Eastern Mediterranean countries into Sea of Galilee; a natural border of West Bank and Jordan

3. Landforms • Gulf of Aqaba – connects Eastern Mediterranean countries with Red Sea and Indian Ocean • Climate – semi-arid and desert climates • Textbook pg. 393

4. Arabian Peninsula • Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Persian Gulf surround Arabian Peninsula • 2 deserts – North is An Nafud; South is Rub-al-Khali or “Empty Quarter” is 10X the size of any other desert in the region • Textbook page 435

5. North East Landforms CH. 17 pg. 413 textbook • Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Iraq once known as Mesopotamia • Pontiac and Taurus Mountains in Turkey • Anatolian Peninsula is in Turkey • Mount Ararat in Turkey (resting place of Noah’s Ark) in Turkey • Zagros Mountains - in Iran

6. SW Asia- The Middle East • SW Asia consists of Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen, Qatar • The Asian part of Turkey is dominated by the dry plateau of Anatolia; the coastal areas of Anatolia consist of fertile lowlands

7. Iran • The Iranhostagecrisis was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States where 66 Americans were held hostage for 444 days from November 4, 1979 to January 20, 1981, after a group of Islamist students and militants took over the American Embassy in Tehran in support of the Iranian Revolution. • Iran's capital and largest city, Tehran

8. Iraq • The capital of Iraq is Baghdad, Baghdad is the largest city • Arabs constitute about eighty percent of the population of Iraq. The remaining population belong to a group called the Kurds. • Page 410 in textbook

9. 1st Persian Gulf War • Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein ordered the invasion and occupation of neighboring Kuwait in early August 1990. Alarmed by these actions, fellow Arab powers such as Saudi Arabia and Egypt called on the United States and other Western nations to intervene.

10. Persian Gulf War • Persian Gulf War began with a massive U.S.-led air offensive known as Operation Desert Storm. • It was a result of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait on Aug. 2, 1990 • Iraqi president Saddam Hussein declared that the invasion was a response to overproduction of oil in Kuwait

11. Persian Gulf War • On Nov. 29, the United Nations set Jan. 15, 1991, as the deadline for a peaceful withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait. When Saddam Hussein refused to comply, Operation Desert Storm was launched on Jan. 18, 1991, under the leadership of U.S. Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf • When U.S. President George H. W. Bush declared a cease-fire on Feb. 28, most of the Iraqi forces in Kuwait had either surrendered or fled.

12. Second Persian Gulf War • The Second Persian Gulf War, also known as the Iraq War, Mar.–Apr., 2003, was a largely U.S. & British invasion of Iraq. In many ways the final, delayed campaign of the First Persian Gulf War, it arose in part because the Iraqi government failed to cooperate fully with UN weapons inspections in the years following the first conflict.

13. Second Persian Gulf War • On May 1, President George Bush declared victory in the war against Iraq. No weapons of mass destruction were found, leading to charges that U.S. and British leaders had exaggerated the Iraqi biological and chemical threat in order to justify the war. (Collin Powell-Secretary of State) • Hussein finally was captured in Dec., 2003. In 2004, he was transferred to Iraqi legal custody; tried and convicted of crimes against humanity, he was executed in 2006.

14. Israel • The birthplace of the Jewish people is the Land of Israel • Israel is the one and only Jewish state in the world. • Israel has two official languages- Hebrew and Arabic. • 1880-1940 many Jews immigrated to Palestine (Zionist Movement) • Benjamin Netanyahu is Prime Minister. Govt is a parliamentary democracy

15. Israel • 6 days war 1967—Israel gained control of West Bank and entire city of Jerusalem • West Bank- strip of land on the East side of Israel (West of the Jordan River), occupied by Palestinians but controlled by Israel • Gaza Strip- 139 square-mile plot of land along the Mediterranean Sea occupied by Palestinians (location of Hamas)

16. Creation of Israel • 1947: The United Nations voted to partition Palestine into two states: one Jewish and one Arab • 1977: Egyptian President Anwar Sadat made a historic trip to Israel, marking the first time any Arab leader had negotiated with the Jewish state. • Capital-Jerusalem in 1950; most country’s embassy’s and financial hub is in are in Tel Aviv

17. Jerusalem’s 3 Religions • Jerusalem is important to Christians because it is where the young Jesus impressed the sages at the Jewish Temple, where he spent the last days of his ministry, and where the Last Supper, the Crucifixion and the Resurrection took place. (Mount of Olives) Church of the Holy Sepulchure – believed to be the place where Jesus was buried • Jerusalem is important to Muslims because it is where the prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven. After the holy sites of Mecca and Medina, Jerusalem is the third most sacred place of Islam. Dome of the Rock – A shrine, houses the spot where Muslims believe their prophet Muhammad rose into heaven. The Dome of the Rock and a near by Mosque, Al-Aqsa, are located on the Temple Mount, the site of the Jewish Temples.

18. Jerusalem – 3 Religions • Jerusalem is important to the Jewish people because it is Ir Ha-Kodesh (the Holy City), the Biblical Zion, the City of David, the site of King Solomon's Temple, the Western Wall (the 2nd Temple) , and the eternal capital of the Israelite nation.

19. Saudi Arabia • Saudi Arabia occupies most of the Arabian Peninsula, with the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba to the west and the Persian Gulf to the east. • Capital-Riyadh • Saudi Arabia is a monarchy, at which time the Saud royal family introduced the country's first constitution. The legal system is based on the sharia (Islamic law). • Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman.

20. Saudi Arabia • The homeland of Islam (Mecca), the world's second-largest religion. Muhammad founded Islam there, and it is the location of the two holy pilgrimage cities of Mecca and Medina. • The Islamic calendar begins in 622, the year of the hegira, or Muhammad's flight from Mecca. • Arabic is the official language of Saudi Arabia. • Islam is official religion • Economy - oil

21. Yemen • Borders the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden and Red Sea, between Oman and Saudi Arabia • Religion – Muslim • Language: Arabic capital: Sanaa • One of the poorest countries in the Arab world • The city of Sanna is expected to run out of water in the next few years

22. United Arab Emirates • the United Arab Emirates is situated in Southwest Asia, bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf, between Oman and Saudi Arabia • Govt - Federation with specific powers delegated to the UAE Federal Government and other powers reserved to the member emirates. • Abu Dhabi - capital

23. United Arab Emirates • Dubai is the largest city in the United Arab Emirates • The United Arab Emirates is a federation divided into seven emirates. Each emirate is governed by a hereditary emir.

24. United Arab Emirates • Language – Arabic • Religion – Islam • Petroleum, natural gas, and oil are the major drivers of the economy. UAE has the sixth-largest oil reserves in the world.

25. Kuwait • The official language of Kuwait is Arabic, but English is also widely spoken and understood • The capital of Kuwait is Kuwait City. • Petroleum and petroleum products make up around 95 percent of export revenues • Kuwait is a constitutional monarchy, governed by the al-Sabah family.

26. Syria • Govt - Republic under a military regime since March 1963. – single party state • Capital (2011 est.): Damascus, 2.65 million • Syria gained independence from French control, on 17th April 1946. • it was on the road to Damascus that St. Paul is said to have received a vision, after which he converted from Judaism to Christianity.

27. Syria • Majority are Muslim • Arabic language • ISIS – Islamic state of Iraq and Syria; formed in 2013 anti-democratic • Refugee crises 8 year Civil War • President - Bashar al-Assad (autocratic dictatorship) authoritarian

28. Turkey Turkey • Noah’s Ark landed on Mount Ararat in Eastern Turkey. • Once part of the Ottoman Empire • Religion: Muslim (mostly Sunni) • Between Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea

29. Turkey • The capital of Turkey is Ankara, while its largest city is Istanbul. • The oldest known human settlement is in Catalhoyuk, Turkey (dating back to 7th millennium BC). • Cyprus – island south of Turkey in Med Sea, Greek speaking, part of Ottoman Empire, north controlled by Turkey, south independent

30. Palestine • British withdrew from Palestine, Jews proclaimed independent Israel in 1948 • 1967 during Israeli-Palestinian conflict Israel gained control over West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights

31. Arabs • Arabs- people who inhabit most of South West Asia and North Africa—they share common cultural features such as common dress, language (Arabic), and political traditions • Palestinians- the Arabs and their descendants who lived or still live in the area formerly called the Palestinian Mandate • Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)- has attempted to regain land for Palestinians since 1964 through violence and political means

32. Lebanon • Arabic and French make for the official languages of the country of Lebanon. • Its capital, Beirut

33. Jordan • Jordan is a country located on the east bank of the River Jordan. Almost half of Jordan is covered by the Arabian Desert. • Amman is the capital city of the Kingdom of Jordan. • Jordan is a constitutional monarchy wherein the executive power lies with the King. • Arabic (English widely spoken) & Islam

34. Document A • Americans are asking, why do they [those responsible for 9/11] hate us? They hate what we see right here in this chamber of democratically elected government. Their leaders are self-appointed. They hate our freedoms, our freedom of religion, our freedom of speech, our freedom to vote and assemble and disagree with each other. They want to overthrow existing governments in many Muslim countries, such as Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Jordan. They want to drive Israel out of the Middle East.They stand against us because we stand in their way. • President Bush, speech before Congress, 9/20/01 • Question: According to the president, what are two reasons why Islamic terrorists hate the U.S.?

35. Document B • American direct intervention in the Muslim world has paradoxically elevated the stature of, and support for, radical Islamists, while diminishing support for the United States to single digits in some Arab societies. Muslims do not "hate our freedom," but rather, they hate our policies. The overwhelming majority voice their objections to what they see as one-sided support in favor of Israel and against Palestinian rights, and the longstanding, even increasing support for what Muslims collectively see as tyrannies, most notably Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Pakistan, and the Gulf states. • Report of the Defense Science Board on Strategic Communications, a 40-member task force advising the Pentagon, 9/04 • Question: In what two ways does the Pentagon task force think that American policy has increased support for radical Islamists?

36. Document C • Four underlying factors are fueling the spread of the jihadist movement: (1) entrenched grievances, such as corruption, injustice, and fear of Western domination, leading to anger, humiliation, and a sense of powerlessness; (2) the Iraq jihad; (3) the slow pace of real and sustained economic, social, and political reforms in many Muslim majority nations; and (4) pervasive anti-U.S. sentiment among most Muslims all of which jihadists exploit. • ó"Trends in Global Terrorism: Implications for the United States," a National Intelligence Estimate approved by John Negroponte, director of national intelligence (New York Times,9/24/06) • Question: According to the National Intelligence Estimate, what is one reason why most Muslims view the U.S. unfavorably?

37. Document D • The terrorists don't hate what we do as much as who we are, so there is no safe place to retreat to. And retreat from battling the Islamists in the Middle East would only make it easier for them to take the battle to us at home, as they did yesterday in London [when dozens were killed in subway bombings]. • Wall Street Journal editorial, 7/7/05 • Question: According to this editorial, why would it be a mistake for the U.S. and its allies to stop fighting Muslim terrorists in the Middle East?

38. Document E • That the hostility of the Islamists may have links with U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East, especially the Anglo-American adventures in Iraq and Afghanistan, is consistently denied, despite the explicit video testimony to the contrary by both al-Zawahiri [number two to Osama bin Laden] and Mohammad Sidique Khan, one of the London bombers. • Bin Laden, in his numerous communiqués, has always been explicit about this. As he laconically remarked in his broadcast timed to coincide with the last U.S. election, "if it was freedom they were against, al-Qaeda would have attacked Sweden." • William Dalrymple, The New York Review, 12/1/05 • Question: What do al-Qaeda leaders say is the reason for their hostility to the U.S.?

39. Question-What fuels terrorism by Islamic Fundamentalists? • Using information from the documents and your knowledge of U.S. relations with Arab and Muslim countries, write a well-organized essay that includes an introduction, middle paragraphs, and a conclusion in which you: • compare and contrast viewpoints about what motivates Islamic terrorists • discuss your own viewpoint and the reasons for it