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Introduction to Atomic Theory

Today is November 6 th. Introduction to Atomic Theory. OBJ 1: Compare the different models of an atom. OBJ 2: Explain how atomic theory has changed as scientists have discovered new information about the atom.

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Introduction to Atomic Theory

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  1. Today is November 6th Introduction to Atomic Theory OBJ 1: Compare the different models of an atom. OBJ 2: Explain how atomic theory has changed as scientists have discovered new information about the atom. Homework: Read pages 87-93. Purpose for reading: Take notes on “terms to learn.” Science in the News #9 due 11/6 and #10 due 11/13. *TURN in Periodic table activity! *ALL SF Experiments are to be done by 11/26 Warm-up: Why is it important to repeat an experiment?

  2. To do: Complete page 83 Section Review Sugar Cube Lab

  3. Today is November 10th Introduction to Atomic Theory OBJ 1: Compare the different models of an atom. OBJ 2: Explain how atomic theory has changed as scientists have discovered new information about the atom. Homework: Review pages 87-93.” Science in the News #10 due 11/13. *ALL SF Experiments are to be done by 11/26 Warm-up: none

  4. To do: Sugar Cube Lab: 1.) Review procedures– Be sure you aren’t missing any info 2.) Begin lab 3.) Go on to day 3

  5. Today is November 11th Introduction to Atomic Theory OBJ: Same. Warm-up: none. To do: See above slides Homework: Science in the News #10 due 11/13. Study terms. *ALL SF Experiments are to be done by 11/26.

  6. Today is November 12th Introduction to Atomic Theory OBJ 1: Compare the different models of an atom. OBJ 2: Explain how atomic theory has changed as scientists have discovered new information about the atom. Homework: Science in the News# 10 due 11/13. Study terms. *ALL SF Experiments are to be done by 11/26. To do: See next slide

  7. To do: 1.) 10 minutes to finish Sugar Cube Lab 2.) Jigsaw

  8. Activities Today: “A timeline of the Atom” • You will be put into groups. • I will assign you a person to research in the book • Research that person. • Write a word, phrase or sentence that the person would likely say about the atom. • Describe the tools that person used to make his discovery. • Make an atom model that the person proposed. • We will come back together to make a timeline & present. • To-Do List: • Word or phrase • Tool • Atom Model

  9. Groups/ Assignment Group 1: Dalton Group#2: Rutherford Group# 3: Thomson Group# 4: Bohr Group# 5: Democritus

  10. Conclusion How does mixing or stirring, heating and crushing a solute affect how quickly solids dissolve in liquids?

  11. Today is November 13th Introduction to Atomic Theory OBJ 1: Compare the different models of an atom. OBJ 2: Explain how atomic theory has changed as scientists have discovered new information about the atom. Homework: Review all notes. * TURN in Science in the News #10 * ALL SF Experiments are to be done by 11/26. To do: See next slides

  12. To do: 1.) Jigsaw 2.) Notes

  13. Democritus: *“uncuttable” particle = atom (“indivisible”) Atoms: *Small *Hard *Made of single material in differ shapes/ sizes *Always moving *Form different materials by joining together

  14. Dalton: Atomic Theory 1.) All substances: made of atoms “atoms cannot be created or destroyed” 2.) Atoms of the SAME element are exactly alike 3.) Atoms join with other atoms to form NEW substances Hmm…

  15. J.J. Thomson: *Small particles ARE inside atom *Atom CAN be divided Negative Corpuscles = electrons *Atoms have no overall charge, thus positive charge MUST be present *Plum-pudding model

  16. http://www.chem.uiuc.edu/clcwebsite/cathode.html#

  17. Ernest Rutherford: Atoms were NOT soft “blobs” *Particles deflected- bounced in various directions THUS: *Center of atoms = positive charge (nucleus) *particles that headed toward nucleus were pushed in the opposite direction *New model

  18. Niels Bohr: *Electrons travel around nucleus in definite paths *Paths are at certain distances from nucleus *Electrons jump

  19. Modern Quantum Theory Atomic orbitals are the basic building blocks of the atomic orbital model (alternatively known as the electron cloud or wave mechanics model),

  20. Modern Quantum Theory: • Max Planck • Louis de Broglie • Erwin Schrodinger • Wolfgang Pauli • Max Born &Werner Heisenberg • James Chadwick • Murray Gell-Mann • George Zweig • Albert Einstein • Marie Curie • Lise Meitner • Enrico Fermi • And …. http://atomictimeline.net/index.php

  21. Ruđer Josip Bošković

  22. Conclusion Take a QUIZ: http://www.neok12.com/quiz/ATOM0005 Who do you think had the biggest impact on today’s present-day atomic theory?

  23. Today is November 14th Introduction to Atomic Theory OBJ 1- 2: See previous slides. OBJ 3: Compare the charge, location, and relative mass of protons, neutrons, and electrons. OBJ 4: Calculate the number of particles in an atom using the atomic number, mass number, and overall charge. Homework: {Review pages 84-93 (i.e. skim your notes)} Answer Section Review questions on pages 86, 89 and 93. *TEST on 11/21 To do: See next slides * ALL SF Experiments are to be done by 11/26.

  24. ATOMS An Introduction to Atomic Models

  25. Atomic Theory? In the following lectures, you will learn about the Atomic - Molecular Theory of Matter. You will also learn about scientists and how they have gathered evidence about atoms. Please Take Notes in your Notebook as we proceed!

  26. Atomic - Molecular Theory of Matter The Atomic - Molecular Theory of Matterstates that all matter is composed of small, fast moving particles called atoms. These atoms can join together to form molecules. This theory is really thousands of individual ideas and models that provide evidence for the whole theory.

  27. Matter Since the atom is too small to be seen even with the most powerful microscopes, scientists rely upon models to help us to understand the atom. Believe it or not this is a microscope. Even with the world’s best microscopes we cannot see the structure or behavior of the atom.

  28. Scientific Models Scientists create models to help them to visualize complex properties, structures or behaviors. Since the atom is so small, scientists must gather Indirect Evidence to develop their models. This is a model of one very complex molecule made of many different kinds of atoms. Each colored ball represents an atom of a different element.

  29. What should a Model look like? Scientific models may not always look like the actual object. A model is an attempt to use familiar ideas to describe unfamiliar things in a visual way. This is a painting of a young woman by Pablo Picasso. Does it actually look like a young woman?

  30. Is this really an Atom? Many of the models that you have seen may look like the one below. It shows the parts and structure of the atom. Even though we do not know what an atom looks like, scientific models must be based on evidence. The model above represents the most modern version of the atom, but it’s still a model (Artist drawing)

  31. Indirect Evidence Indirect Evidence is evidence gathered without being able to directly observe the object. The Atomic - Molecular Theory of Matter is based upon a vast amount of indirect evidence gathered over a long period of time. Just like pieces being added to a puzzle, each new bit of information gives us a better understanding of atoms.

  32. How can Indirect Evidence be Gathered? Pretty much everything we know about atoms is indirect evidence. One can't really see atoms. We do see enough of their effects that we can, with confidence, describe the nature of atoms. It's like putting together a puzzle that's missing some pieces. If you get enough pieces in the right place you can tell what the picture is even though it still has holes.

  33. Can a Model be Changed? A model can be changed as new information is collected. From the early Greek concept to the modern atomic theory, scientists have built upon and modified existing models of the atom.

  34. Where did it all begin? The word “atom” comes from the Greek word “atomos” which means indivisible. The idea that all matter is made up of atoms was first proposed by the Greek philosopher Democritus in the 5th century B.C.

  35. More History The concept of atoms as proposed by Democritus remained relatively unchanged for over 2,000 years. Beginning in the late 18th century new discoveries were made that led to a better understanding of atoms and chemistry. Many scientists since that time have contributed new evidence for the “Atomic Theory” Niels Bohr is one of many scientists that have given us a better understanding of Atoms.

  36. How small is an atom? • Bryson? • 3 hundred-millionths of a centimeter

  37. “Weighing” an atom • Since atoms are sooo small, scientists developed a new unit: • Atomic mass unit (amu): • 1 Proton = 1 amu • 1 neutron = 1 amu • 1 electron = almost 0 (we don’t consider the mass of an electron when finding the mass number). It takes more than 1800 electrons to equal 1 amu.

  38. The Nucleus • Small, positively charged center of the atom. • Contains most of the atom’s mass

  39. Inside the Nucleus • Protons: positively charged particles • Neutrons: particles in atom with no charge • What is the charge of the nucleus?

  40. Outside the nucleus • Electrons: negatively charged particles in atoms. • Likely to be found around the nucleus within electron clouds

  41. What makes up P, N & E?

  42. Take a QUIZ: http://www.neok12.com/quiz/ATOM0001 http://www.neok12.com/quiz/ATOM0002 http://www.neok12.com/quiz/ATOM0003 http://www.neok12.com/quiz/ATOM0008

  43. Today is November 17th The Atom OBJ 1- 4: See previous slides. Take out: Section Review questions on pages 86, 89 and 93. Homework: *TEST on 11/21 To do: See next slides * ALL SF Experiments are to be done by 11/26.

  44. An Atom is neutral! • Equal number of protons and electrons • The charges of protons and electrons are opposite, but equal in size. • What if they aren’t equal?

  45. Ions • A charged particle • If # protons > # electrons . . . • If # protons < # electrons. . .

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