Asia

1. Asia

2. Shang Dynasty • 1750 -1045 B.C.E. First dynasty in China (the Xia don’t count because historians don’t know about them) • The King had the ability to commune with his ancestors, who could commune with the god, Di. • Used bronze approximately 1000 years before Western civilizations.

3. Zhou Dynasty • 1045-221 BCE • Created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven • This leads to the current theory of the Dynastic Cycle: • Step 1:New leaders come in. They make economic reforms. They secure the borders. On the whole, they’re good leaders. It is said that they have the “Mandate of Heaven” • Step 2: More corruption begins to seep into the political system. Infrastructure breaks down. Rebellions and foreigners become problems. The government is said to have lost the Mandate of Heaven • Step 3: The government is overthrown. New government steps in, with the Mandate of Heaven

4. Confucianism • A major tenet of Confucianism is filial piety; the idea that a child is supposed to respect his parents no matter what • Believed in the goodness of human beings and emphasized social engagement • Formed the basis of the civil service examinations and for the Chinese legal system • Formed the basis for Legalism • Was used to justify gender roles

5. Daoism • Created by Laozi • Emphasized going along with nature, including de-development, by retreating from society and choosing not to act, because acting leads to undesirable outcomes.

6. Legalism • Created from Confucian thought. • Believed that people had to be led by a strong leader and compelled to make the correct decisions. • Sacrificed individual freedom to guarantee security of state • Pioneered by the Qin dynasty • Surprisingly similar to fascism.

7. China (500 BCE – 600 CE) • Han China was the most prosperous. Considered a “golden age” • Made a lot of profit on the Silk Road, mostly through selling silk but included water mills, paper, compasses, pottery, and 365.5 day-long calendars. • Legalism and Daoism developed. Traces of Buddhism, but not very influential yet. • Introduced a form of currency. • Continuity: Most Chinese are “Han Chinese”, and Han alphabet referred to as “Han characters” • First real, strong, centralized government in China.

8. India (1000 BCE – 600 CE) • Aryan religious stories written in Vedas, and Hinduism became the dominant religion, Buddhism also began during this era • Epic literature such as the Ramayana and Mahabarata • Lack of political unity - geographic barriers + diversity; fragmented into small kingdoms; • Mauryan and Gupta Empires formed based on military conquest; Mauryan Emperor Ashoka seen as greatest; converted to Buddhism and kept the religion alive • Social hierarchy based on caste membership. Occupations were strictly dictated by caste • Decline in the status of women during Gupta, ritual of sati for wealthy women ( widow cremates herself in her husband's funeral pyre) • Hinduism – Reincarnation • Buddhism - The Four Noble Truths, The Eightfold Path to Enlightenment

9. Silk Roads • An advanced trade route connecting East Europe to Africa to Asia. • China traded silk to India, while India in return gave China jade, gold, and silver. India then traded the silk to Rome, acting as middle-men. • The Silk Roads formed because small central-Asian tribes attacked trading caravans, hoping to pillage them. As a result, Han China expanded its military to central Asia for protection. Alliances were later made with these tribes and • Buddhism and other cultures managed to reach China because many travelers had become interested in China and went there.

10. The Huns • War-like tribe of nomads, but did conquer territory and made an empire. • Defeated the Eastern Roman army, as well as took over much of East Asia. • Lived mainly off of eating animals/plants raw and drinking animal blood. • Engaged battle in columns and then quickly dispersed, employing an odd guerilla warfare. • Popularly and lastly known to be led by Attila, who was defeated by Western Rome. His children quarreled over land and the Germans rebelled, ending the empire.

11. Han China Hun Empire

12. Dynasties in China Sui Dynasty (589 CE - 618CE) • brought about a political revival in China after the fall of the Han Dynasty • although it had a short longevity, the Sui reunified China and expanded its borders through military conquest   Tang Dynasty (618 CE - 907 CE) • China became larger than ever before especially under Emperor Xuanzong(712-755) • forced its neighbors to oblige by a tributary system in which they had to make regular payments to avoid punishment • advanced infrastructure such as the Grand Canal (linked the Yellow and Yangzi rivers) led to prosperity • the 5000-mile Silk Road allowed the silk industry in China to flourish • promoted education and exerted artistic and religious values upon their neighbors • the Tang Dynasty collapsed due to peasant rebellions and military disasters

13. Dynasties in China (cont’d) Song (Sung) Dynasty (969 CE - 1279CE) • experienced steady population and urbanization (example: Canton/Guangzhou) • economic ties with Central Asia and the Middle East, gained wealth through trading • technology: accurate compasses and clocks, gunpowder, paper money, and block printing • introduction of Buddhism, Chan, and Neo-Confucianism which assisted in the unification of China • civil service examinations were held to determine government officials • women were inferior to men; example of Chinese subjugation of women is foot binding • under constant warfare by the Liao Empire, the Jurchen, and eventually the Mongols   Early Ming Dynasty • established by Hongwu who recentralized China • expanded its borders and maintained the tributary system • Admiral Zheng He helped expand Chinese trade • Confucianism and Buddhism regained power • art, literature, and religion were emphasized; introduction of porcelain

14. The Tang Dynasty

15. Japan Heian Period (794-1185) • golden age in Japanese history • emperors were figureheads while the true power resided with the chancellor (kwampaku) • Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism influences • destroyed in the Taira-Minamoto War Feudal Japan • power belonged to the shogun; shogunates shared power with landowning warlords, daimyo • warrior class = samurai, method of living = Bushido • Japan remained divided until the early 1600s

16. India • heavily influenced by Muslim invaders, and consequently Islam • Indian Ocean Trade Network joined Asia, the Middle East, and Africa; major city of Malacca • rise of the Khmer Empire, aggressors, and Srivijayan Empire, who took advantage of maritime trade

17. The Mongolian Empire • Established by Genghis Khan • immense, barbaric military conquest throughout Asia • fell due to incompetent governing leadership

18. Overview: 1450-1750 • Advancements in technology led to Asia and the East's increased connectivity with the West (usually economic) • Increased Eurasian trade • Chinese voyages into the Indian Ocean led by Zheng He • Europeans sought Asian goods such as silk, pottery and tea, but Asian societies usually resisted European commodities • Buddhism also continued to spread throughout Asia • Peasant labor increased due to an increase in demand for raw materials and a fast growing population • Japan endures the Warring States until 1600 when the Tokugawa Shogunate unifies Japan

19. China • By 1450, the Ming dynasty was at its height with its extraordinary navy and civil service examinations as well as a highly centralized government under the emperor. The Ming rulers also emphasized trade. • They revitalized the Indian Ocean Trade Route to avoid the Mongols. (Zheng He) but they restricted foreign access with the Canton system. • Socially, the Ming were influenced greatly by Confucian thought (although Buddhism and Taoism still prevalent). • The Ming fell in 1644 due to internal corruption, large influx of silver causing inflation, peasant revolts and costly wars. (Ming are last rulers descended from Han) • The Qing (Manchus) rise to power in 1644 when a Ming general asks the Manchus for help • Retain many Ming administrative policies (very centralized) but Legalism replaces confucianism, greatly expands empire East, foreigners gain a bit more access

20. The Ming Dynasty

21. Japan • In the 1500s, conflict between daimyos (Japanese feudal warlords) and their samurais led to a long civil war - Warring States period • In 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu established the military government of the Tokugawa Shogunate • The Tokugawa centralized Japan economically by creating a network of good roads and maritime routes connecting new trade centers. Although it had more political unity than before, most daimyos retained a great deal of autonomy. • Japanese culture flourished; artisanship in lacquer ware and porcelain developed. • In response to the conversion of hundreds of thousands of Japanese to Christianity by Jesuits, Shogunate cut off trade with Europe • Tokugawa shogunate believed in Confucian idea that agriculture is basis to society, so had merchants occupty lowly social positions • Up to 1800s, economy grew faster than the population. • Merchants developed their own culture; kabuki theater, sikl-screened fabrics, woodblock prints

22. DaimyoandFiefdomsin Japan

23. India • The very beginning marks the fall of the Delhi Sultanate to descendents of the Mongols, the Mughals under Babur defeated the last Sultan using gunpowder • Akbar the Great and Aurangzeb, the next rulers solidified the empire and conquered essentially the entire subcontinent creating one of the greatest empires of all time • At their height they had the highest GDP in the world. • Very strong, centralized bureaucratic government under the emperor • The main religion was Islam and often other religions had to pay taxes to retain freedom to practice - Jizya tax • Although focused more internally, foreigners were allowed more access than in China • Mughal was an economic powerhouse at the center of the Indian Ocean Basin Trade routes (produced textiles, spices, jewels) • Great art, mixture of Persian, Islamic and Hindu art (Taj Mahal)

25. Qing Empire • Established by Manchus (Agrarian peoples from north of Korea) in 1644 after overthrow of Ming. • Headed by Manchu, but majority of population was of Chinese ethinicity. • Jesuit missionaries gained more access to China and were successful in converting Chinese to Catholicism, adapting it to Chinese traditions while introducing them to innovations from the West • Emperor Kangxi saw golden Age of Qing; tributary system, revived foreign trade, exchange of goods/technology from (silk, porcelain, tea) and to China • Qing only permitted one market point for each foreign sector to control trade; McCartney tried to open China up to British but failed • China remained significantly behind the West technologically (environmental and economic decline because of empire's size)

27. India • The East India Company controlled vast amount of territory. The purpose of the British raj was “westernization, Anglicization, and modernization,” as well as the bolstering of Indian “traditions.” • Thousands of jobs were created as a result of expanded crop production, but Indian textile mills were unable to compete with the influx of cheap British manufactured goods. India went from being the world’s greater exporter of textiles to shipping only raw cotton fibers to Britain. • Sepoy Mutiny (1857)—Indian soldiers revolted against EIC for the violation of religious customs in military practices. Peasants and elites joined in the revolt, protesting the EIC occupation of India. • 1858—Britain takes over India from any remnants of the Mughal or East India Company’s rule. Established a bureaucracy, the Indian Civil Service, in which an open examination was administered for acceptance. Although any British subject could take the test, it worked to exclude Indians. Railroads were also built and created great intermigration. • Pan-Indian nationalism grew as a major political force, and resulted in the creation of the Indian National Congress.

28. China • Macartney mission in 1793—Britain sent Lord Macartney to China to discuss import restrictions. The Qing emperor refused to alter the Canton trade system, open new ports, or allow a permanent British mission in Beijing. • China’s population had risen to about 350 million. Despite efficient farming and the introduction of New World crops, the demands of the rising population led to deforestation, damaged infrastructure, mass poverty, and internal rebellion. • 1794—White Lotus Rebellion—arising from hatred of the Qing as foreign conquerors and a belief in the restoration of the Ming Dynasty and the coming of the Buddha. The rebellion was suppressed in 1804, but managed to initiate a series of internal conflicts that would continue through the 1800s • Illegal opium import had skyrocketed, and addiction reached all members of Qing society. The British saw the ban on opium importation as a threat to the nation’s economy and an intolerable limitation on trade. • Started the Opium War (1839-1842). The Chinese forces were crushed by British superior technology—outdated weapons and land-based troops were no match for quick gunboats and long-distance artillery of the British.

29. China (cont.) • Treaty of Nanking (1842) broke down the old Canton system and imposed new conditions—five treaty ports were opened, British gained extraterritoriality, Hong Kong became a British colony, and Britain gained most-favored-nation status. Foreigners were able to maintain a very comfortable lifestyle in elite parts of China. • Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)—the costliest and most devastating war in world history; between 20 and 30 million people died of fighting, starvation, and disease. It was started by Hong Xiuqan, who spoke of creating a new “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace.” The revolution appealed to millions of Chinese who resented the Qing for their Manchu origins, high taxes, and poor rule. • Although the rebels succeeded in capturing Nanjing, British and French forces helped the Qing in quelling the rebellion, after they fought the Arrow War to secure Britain’s future position in China. The civil war left China in ruins. • Empress Dowager Cixi attempted to recentralize Qing power through oppressive means and antiforeign riots, known as the Boxer Rebellion (1900). A coalition of British, Japanese, French, and American forces quickly put down the revolts. • Sun Yat-Sen plots the overthrow of the Qing Empire. His followers form a political party known as the Guomindang, the National People’s Party.

30. Japan • 1750-1800 Tokugawa Shogunate, the last of the three shogunates of Japan, is in power. Although Japan became more politically unified, the daimyo still retained power and autonomy. Japan achieved economic integration through the development of commercial traffic and maritime trade, and a new wealthy merchant class rose to prominence. • 1853—American commodore Matthew C. Perry arrived off the coast of Japan, demanding that Japan open its ports for trade. The shogunate had a year to make a decision, and after considering China’s defeat in the Opium Wars, consented, signing the Treaty of Kanagawa. • Provincial rebels angered at the incompetence of the Tokugawa shogunate to protect Japan finally overthrew them in 1868. They implemented a top-down revolution known as the Meiji Restoration, setting Japan on a course of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. Heavy industry, new educational systems, and a conscript army were established. Western technology and culture became very popular. Large zaibatsu and government-owned enterprises boosted the economy of Japan. • In the new imperialist frenzy, Japan raced to create its own “sphere of influence” that would include Manchuria, Korea, and part of China. • Sino-Japanese war lasted less than 6 months, resulting in occupation of Korea and parts of China. • In 1905 Japan defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War, gaining control of mineral-rich Manchuria and establishing itself as a colonial world power. • In 1915, Japan presents China Twenty-One Demands, which would have turned China into a virtual protectorate. Anti-Japanese boycotts and riots broke out, and led to ongoing war that would last for thirty years.

31. Southeast Asia and Oceania • Australia was founded as a British penal colony in 1788. In 1851, when gold was discovered, thousands of English and Chinese settlers moved to Australia. • British supported self-governance of Australia and New Zealand. The increasingly independent nations did not extend equal rights for the indigenous people, limiting legal protections and voting privileges. • Britain soon annexed Burma and Malaysia, while Indochina was occupied by the French. • The Europeans imported labor and established profitable agricultural enterprises. • Hunter and gatherer societies were displaced because of cultivation of new land • Ethnic makeup of regions changed with large-scale migrations from China and India. • In the beginning of the 20th century, nationalistic movements in places like India and China led young people to question the motives of colonial imperialism.

33. Asia: Start of 20th Century • In 1911 China overthrew its last imperial dynasty, the Qing, in response to their inability to govern well and protect from China from foreign influence, and elected Sun Yat-Sen, creating the Republic of China. • The recently industrialized Japan had just wowed the Western world with its 1905 defeat of the Russian empire in the Russo-Japanese War. The nation also began showing signs of its future aggression with the 1910 occupation of the Korean Peninsula. • Southern Asia, such as Vietnam and Cambodia, was still under French control and known as French Indochina, while the Indian subcontinent was still ruled by the British. The independence movements in these regions were beginning but had not yet hit their strides.

34. China in the 20th Century • In 1927 civil war broke out between the Chinese Nationalists and Communists, continuing for 10 years until the two sides united in 1937 to combat the invading Japanese forces. • After the defeat of the Japanese fighting between the Chinese resumes and in 1950 Mao Zedong’s forces emerge victorious on the mainland. • As the chairman for the new Peoples Republic of China, Mao begins to institute sweeping socialist reforms such as the Great Leap Forward. These policies were some of the most destructive in human history. • After Mao’s death Deng Xiaoping opened China up to the world and became economically more liberal (not politically however).

35. Geopolitical Alliances in Civil War Era China

36. Japan in the 20th Century • In 1932 imperial fascists in Japans government assassinated Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi. • 1937: The Japanese invade China (or rather continued to invade, only more aggressively) and capture much of the northeastern regions of the nation, and through their brutality commit the Rape of Nanjing. • The Japanese surrender to the U.S. after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan is the only nation on Earth to suffer such an attack. • After WW2 the Japanese economy is built back up and used by the West to counter communist presence in Asia.

38. Southern Asia in the 20th Century • In the 20’s and 30’s the independence movement in India began gaining traction and leaders like Mahatma Gandhi drummed up support for and organized many peaceful protests in the country. • When India gained independence in 1947 it was divided into Pakistan and India with little regard for the peoples of the regions. This has lead to much tension between the two nations. • In French Indochina independence was not quite as smooth as the natives of this region were less willing to protest peacefully and resorted to violence, which prompted violence from the French authorities. In 1956 Ho Chi Minh defeated the French in Vietnam and they quickly left all of French Indochina. • Since then Vietnam has been invaded by nations like China and the United States and fought wars with Cambodia and the U.S.

39. Asia Today • Japan: Today the nation is a very large export oriented economy, it is democratically ruled and has very close relations with the outside world. It faces a few demographic issues; primarily its issue is population growth, which has been on the decline lately. • China: China has demonstrated rapid growth since its reintroduction to the world economy in the 70’s and is set to surpass the United States in GDP before 2030. Unfortunately, its demographic issues are more pronounced than that of Japan as it has a plethora of males and a major deficit of females in its population due to the one child policy. • India: India is also a major economic power, which is remarkable given its policy of neutrality and independence from the developed Western world during the Cold War. India has social issues, such as widespread misogyny. • Vietnam: Having normalized relations with the United States in 1996 Vietnam has come a long way from the war torn nation of the seventies and sixties. However it has not had the economic success of other countries in Asia.