From Nationalism to Regional Development: cultural policy in the era of globalization

1. Guardians of Our Communities: from local to global Adjudicated Papers Session 1 From Nationalism to Regional Development:cultural policy in the era of globalization by Scott McKinnon, MPPA Ontario Media Development Corporation (OMDC)

2. Introduction All around the world, the intrinsic virtues and the impact ofculture on individual and community development are beingquestioned, studied, measured and, hopefully, rediscovered.There is a keen interest in the specific relationship between thearts and culture and the economic and social development ofourcommunities. -- Simon Brault, vice-chair of the Canada Council for the Arts. (2005)

3. The Economics of Culture I Municipal -Toronto reported in 2008 that its creative industries grew at an annual growth rate of 4% between 1990 and 2000, and currently employ over 133,000 people and generate $9 billion GDP annually. Provincial -Statistics Canada reports that every province had growth in cultural output from 1996 to 2003, and that it exceeded the growth of the overall economy. -The Ontario government reports that the cultural industries generate $12.2 billion in GDP for the province, and are now larger than its agriculture, forestry and mining combined.

4. The Economics of Culture II National  - The  Conference Board of Canada estimates that in 2007 the cultural sector contributed $46 billion or 3.8% to Canada's GDP, and employed over 1.1 million people. International  - PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP estimates in its Global Entertainment and Media Outlook that the international market for culture will be US$1.6 trillion by 2013. ***  Throughout the world culture is being recognized as an engine of economic growth and job creation.

5. Nationalism to Economic Development 1951 - Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences advocated for federal patronage of Canadian culture in the Massey Report. (CC) 1985 - MacDonald Royal Commission on Economic Union and Development recommended a leap of faith towards open markets while maintaining cultural exemptions. (FTA, GATT) 1998 - WTO split-run decision in favour of the US. 2010 - Retrenched federal institutional structure (CC, CBC, CRTC, CAVCO, CMF, DCH, Telefilm) with a growing but uncoordinated provincial institutional structure (i.e. cultural agencies: OMDC, SODEC, BC Film).

6. Sector Example Book Publishing -In 1967 the Canadian Publishers Directory identified 98% of book publishers as located in either Toronto or Montreal. -In 2008-2009, the Department of Canadian Heritage (DCH) reported supporting 235 publishers from 80 cities across all ten provinces. -Recipients published 5,325 new Canadian-authored titles, and realized more than $450M in sales, including $100M in exports to over 100 markets.

7. State Theory aka Enabling State, Competition State, Schumperterian Workfare State Bob Jessop.  "Towards a Schumperterian Workfare State?  Preliminary Remarks on Post-Fordism Political Economy." (1993) - Globalization undermines the state's ability to maintain a national domestic policy by 1/ restraining non-economic social policy, and 2/ accelerating the introduction of new technology. Philip G. Cerny. "Paradoxes of the Competition State: The Dynamics of Political Globalization." (1997) - Economic globalization cannot be isolated from political globalization. - Internationalization of markets will force national governments to make structural changes not only in economic spheres, but social and cultural ones too.

8. The Challenge -Weakening Federal system of cultural patronage. -Lack of a coordinated national strategy. -Provincial and municipal jurisdictions developing go-it-alone strategies. -Technological change that is dramatically remaking cultural industries. -Domestic market that is too small to support cultural industries.

9. The Opportunity Proxy Market System 1/ Federal system of regulation and coordination which leverages the institutions built up during the age of nationalism. 2/ Provincial and municipal jurisdictions competing for the economic benefits of the cultural industries (both domestic and international) through the implementation of innovative policy and programs. 3/ A new cultural policy for the 21st Century that recognizes the dynamics of globalization by maximizing effiency and rewarding innovation.

10. The Reward Primary -Economic benefits: GDP growth and job creation. -Stimulating technological innovation. -Redistributing cultural industries through efficiency. -Access to global markets. Secondary -Social benefits: nationalism, social cohesion, collective identity. -Robust Canadian culture. -Multilateralism. -Multiculturalism.-Cultural sovereignty.

11. Parting Thoughts Among Canadian provinces and levels of government, cultural policies are centralized, rooted in the past or oriented toward contemporary creation, and dependent upon public funds. Globalization leaves all governments, federal, provincial and municipal, facing similar problems.  There is ground to ask precise questions about common problems, and to examine, appraise and make public the different political answers. Such a project could be useful in developing political strategies in the face of the rapid evolution of the world’s economic and social contexts. -- Diane Saint-Pierre. “Québec, its Cultural Policies and the Handing Down of Culture in a Time of Globalization” (2002)

12. Further reading Economic Contribution of the Culture Sector to Canada's Provinces - Statistics Canada (2007) Canadian Content: culture and the quest for nationhood - Ryan Edwardson (2008) The Handing Down of Culture, Small Societies, and Globalization - University of Laval (2001) In the long run we're all dead: The Canadian Turn to Fiscal Restraint - Timothy Lewis (2003) Why Mexicans Don't Drink Molson - Andrea Mandel-Campbell (2007) researchlibrary.omdc.on.ca

13. Contact Information Scott McKinnon, Senior Policy Advisor Ontario Media Development Corporation Masters of Public Policy & Administration, Ryerson University Over 20 years experience in the cultural industries (primarily film, television and interactive digital media), but with a broad interest in policy related to the arts and culture. Contact info:     smckinnon@omdc.on.ca                          416-645-8523

14. Abstract Nationalism to Regional Development: Cultural Policy in the Era of Globalization Why did Canada’s federal cultural policy change from fostering nationalism to one that champions economic development?What were the underlying factors that drove this change?  What do these changes mean to Canada’s cultural industries, and are there now new opportunities for regions around the country to participate in the nation’s cultural output?Since the early twentieth century Canada’s cultural policies have traditionally focused on nationalist concerns such as identity, social cohesion, and the threat of Americanization.  However, over the past twenty-five years this non-economic, nationalistagenda in Ottawa has steadily given way to a new preoccupation with the broad economic benefits of culture, and this change in federal perspective has invigorated interest in the cultural industries around the country.The cultural industries are seen as key economic drivers in communities faced with dwindling old economy extraction and manufacturing industries, and governments at all three levels in Canada are viewing cultural policy as a means to attract and grow knowledge-based cultural corporations, organizations and entrepreneurs to their jurisdictions.  Every province in the country has established akey provincial cultural agency with an explicit economic agenda, and Statistics Canada reports that as of 2003 the cultural industries contribute $43.2 billion annually to the Canadian economy with growth in cultural output reported in every province. I will arguethat the most significant driver of this policy shift is the federal government’s overall commitment to liberalized global trade beginning with the Canadian-United States Free Trade Agreement in 1987 which infused the ideology of globalization into Canada’s cultural policy framework.Using the scholarly work of Philip Cerny and Bob Jessop on globalization and the state, I will explain why provincial governments are actively engaged in attracting cultural industries, and how the resulting regional competition might help Canada find success in a globalized world.