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Journey through Chemistry Discoveries: From Democritus to Modern Atomic Structure

Explore key milestones in chemistry evolution from Democritus' tiny particles to Bohr's electron shells, including Dalton's postulates and Rutherford's nucleus discovery. Learn about isotopes, periodic table groups, chemical formulas, naming compounds, and writing formulas. Discover the naming of acids and oxidation numbers.

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Journey through Chemistry Discoveries: From Democritus to Modern Atomic Structure

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  1. A.P. Chemistry Chapter 2 I. Democritus- tiny particles, atoms II. Dalton- 4 postulates, p.38 III. Law of Conservation of Mass IV. Law of Multiple Proportions

  2. 2.2 Discovery of Atomic Structure • I. Cathode Rays 1897 (p. 39) A. J.J. Thompson discovered electron B. calc. Charge to mass ratio of e- C. “plum-pudding” model of atom

  3. 2.2 Con. • II. Oil-drop exp. 1909 (p. 40) • A. Robert Millikan calc. Mass of an electron Mass e = 1.60 x 10-19 C = 9.10 x 10-28 g 1.76 x 108 C/g III. Radioactivity- spontaneous emission from nucleus of atom

  4. Radioactivity con. (p. 41) A. Alpha Particles 4/2 He (+2) B. beta- an electron C. gamma- high NRG radiation

  5. 2.2 Con. • IV. Rutherford’s exp. 1910 lead to idea of nucleus Proton- Rutherford 1919 Neutrons- Chadwick 1932 • V. Neils Bohr: e- in shells

  6. 2.3 Modern View of Atomic Structure Proton = 1.602 x 10-19C Electron- -1.602 x 10-19C Neutron= 0 C • Atomic Mass Unit= 1.66054 x 10-24g

  7. 2.3 Con. • II. Isotopes A. same element, diff. Mass 1. Atomic # =# of protons 2. Atomic mass = # of P+N 3. Nuclide = # of P+N

  8. 2.4 Periodic Table Group IA alkali metals Group IIA alkaline earth metals Group VI chalcogens Group VII halogens Group VIII noble gases (inert gases) Metals Nonmetals Metalliods

  9. 2.5 Chemical Formulas molecular compounds – mostly nonmetals, covalent Molecular formula - C2H6 Empirical Formula- CH3 Structural Formula- use your imagination, I’m sure you know what this is

  10. 2.6 Ionic Compounds • Let’s Name us some Compounds!!!! Rule #1 light metals w/ nonmetals light metals w/ polyatomic polyatomic w/ polyatomic polyatomic w/ nonmetals - ide Rule #2 transition metal w/ nonmetal transition metal w/ polyatomic

  11. 2.6 Con. • Using the Stock system (roman numerals) Rule #3 Two nonmetals (covalent bonds) USE prefixes: mono hexa di hepta tri octa tetra nona penta deca

  12. 2.6 Con. • II. Writing Formulas aluminum chloride ________ Iron (II) sulfate ________ III. Old Stystem Iron (II) ferrous Copper (I) cuprous Iron (III) ferric Copper(III) cupric Tin(II) stannous Tin (IV) stannic

  13. 2.6 Con. • IV. Naming Acids Start with H -ate  -ic -ite  -ous -ide  hydro____ic acid HNO3, HCl, H2SO4, H3PO4 Exceptions: Peroxide H2O2 Mercury(I) Hg2+2 Ammonia NH3

  14. Give Ox. # of underlined element. KMnO4 CuSO4 H2O2 SO4 -2 HCO3 -1 PbSO4 Ca(NO3)2 CuSO4 Cu2SO4 PbCl4 Sn3(PO4)2 Ag2CO3 ZnCrO4 CrCl3

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