10-5 What is the Ecosystem Approach to Sustaining Biodiversity?

1. 10-5 What is the Ecosystem Approach to Sustaining Biodiversity? • Concept 10-5 We can help sustain biodiversity by identifying and protecting severely threatened areas (biodiversity hotspots), restoring damaged ecosystems (using restoration ecology), and sharing with other species much of the land we dominate (using reconciliation ecology).

2. Most biologists and wildlife conservationists believe that we need to focus more on protecting ___________________ than on saving individual species • Best way to prevent premature extinction of species • This ecosystems approach employs a _______ point plan ecosystems 4

3. We Can Use a Four-Point Strategy to Protect Ecosystems • ________ global ecosystems and create an _________________ of their species and ecosystem services • Locate and protect most ___________________ ecosystems and species…with an emphasis on protecting _____________ biodiversity • ______________ degraded ecosystems • Make development biodiversity-_______________ • Provide tax _________ or write-offs and assistance to landowners who protect endangered ecosystems Map inventory endangered plant Restore friendly breaks

4. Protecting Global Biodiversity Hot Spots Is an Urgent Priority • The earth’s species are not evenly distributed… • 17 _____________________ countries contain 2/3 of all species • The leading megadiversity countries are… • _____________________________ • _____________________________ • _____________________________ • _____________________________ • _____________________________ megadiversity Indonesia Columbia Mexico Brazil Ecuador

5. Protecting Global Biodiversity Hot Spots Is an Urgent Priority • Scientists are urging for the adoption of emergency action strategies to identify and protect biodiversity _________ ____________ • Areas especially rich in ___________ species that are found nowhere else and are in great danger of extinction • Make up only _______ of earth’s surface, but 50% of flowering plant species and 42% of terrestrial vertebrates hot spots plant 2%

6. Endangered Natural Capital: 34 Biodiversity Hotspots Fig. 10-27, p. 243

7. Endangered Natural Capital: Biodiversity Hotspots in the U.S. Figure 27, Supplement 8

8. Protecting Ecosystem Services Another way to help sustain the earth’s biodiversity is to protect areas where vital _______________ or _____________ services are being impaired to harm local ________________ ecological natural residents

9. Protecting Ecosystem Services Is Also an Urgent Priority • To protect ecosystem services, we will need to identify highly stressed areas…called _________ ___________ ecosystems • High poverty levels • Ecosystem services degraded • A large part of the economy may depend on ecosystem services • Foster cooperation among residents, government and scientists to protect people and biodiversity life raft

10. We Can Rehabilitate and Restore Ecosystems That We Have Damaged (1) • We can partially reverse much of the damage caused by humans to the biodiversity and dynamics and of natural ecosystems through ecological _________________ • Examples… • Replanting forests • Restoring grasslands, coral reefs, and wetlands • Reintroducing native species • Removing nonnative species restoration

11. Four Approaches to Ecological Restoration • Restoration: returning a degraded habitat or ecosystem to a condition as ________________ as possible to its natural state • Rehabilitation: turning a degraded habitat into a _______________ or useful ecosystem • Replacement: replacing a degraded ecosystem with ________________ type of ecosystem example: a degraded forest could become a pasture • Creating artificial ecosystems: creating an artificial ecosystem to alleviate another ________________ example: creating artificial wetlands to reduce flooding similar functional another problem

12. Science-Based, Four-Point Strategy for Restoration • To carry out most forms of ecological restoration and rehabilitation we need to.. • Identify the _________ of the degradation • ___________ the abuse • ____________________ species, if possible • _______________ from further degradation cause Stop Reintroduce Protect

13. Science Focus: Ecological Restoration of a Tropical Dry Forest in Costa Rica • Within Costa Rica’s _________________ National Park, a tropical dry forest was burned • Dr. Daniel _______________, a leader in restoration ecology used _____________ money and $ 10 million earned from _________________ to purchase the land • He is educating ______________ on how to restore and sustain the area…called __________________ restoration • Example: local farmers are paid to plant trees Guanacaste Janzen grant donations locals biocultural

14. Science Focus: Ecological Restoration of a Tropical Dry Forest in Costa Rica • This area has also become a _______________ ground in tropical restoration • Dr. Janzen believes that education, _____________, and local ________________ will be more effective restoration practices than using guards and fences training awareness involvement

15. We Can Share Areas We Dominate With Other Species • Since humans have already degraded so much of earth’s land, we may need to develop a new form of conservation biology….called ___________________ ecology • Focuses on ______________ and maintaining habitats for species diversity in places where people _______, work, and play • In other words, our communities need to find a way ___________ with other species reconciliation inventing live share

16. We Can Share Areas We Dominate With Other Species • Three examples of reconciliation ecology… • Wangari Maathai starting the Green Belt Movement with local women in ______________ • Belize farmers have created habitat corridors and sanctuaries for black howler _____________ • Attracts ecotourism • Neighborhoods reducing pesticide use to protect vital plant ________________ like butterflies and bees Kenya monkeys pollinators

17. Case Study: The Blackfoot Challenge—Reconciliation Ecology in Action • 1970s: Blackfoot River Valley in Montana was threatened by… • poor mining, logging, and grazing practices • Water and air pollution • Unsustainable commercial and residential development A River Runs Through It

18. Case Study: The Blackfoot Challenge—Reconciliation Ecology in Action • Community meetings led to • Weed-pulling ________________ • _______________ nesting structures for waterfowl • Developing more sustainable _____________ systems parties building grazing

19. What Can You Do? Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity Fig. 10-28, p. 247

20. Review Question 1 What are biodiversity hotspots? areas rich in species diversity (especially plants) that are endangered

21. Review Question 2 Complete the steps needed for ecological restoration… Identify… Stop… Reintroduce… Protect… the cause of degradation the abuse key species from future degradation

22. Review Question 3 What is the focus of reconciliation ecology? To invent new habitats and learn how to “share” with other species