1 / 25

MATTERS OF SEX

MATTERS OF SEX. Anueploidy having too many or too few chromosomes compared to a normal genotype Monosomy Possessing only 1 copy of any particular chromosomes Monosomy, with the exception of the X chromosome is incompatable with life. X chromosome dosage.

mullett
Download Presentation

MATTERS OF SEX

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. MATTERS OF SEX • Anueploidy • having too many or too few chromosomes compared to a normal genotype • Monosomy • Possessing only 1 copy of any particular chromosomes • Monosomy, with the exception of the X chromosome is incompatable with life

  2. X chromosome dosage Sex Chromosomes: females XX, males XY Genes on X: females 2, males 1copy • How to create equal amount of X chromosome gene products in males and females? decrease X gene products by half in females (e.g. humans called X-inactivation)

  3. X CHROMOSOMES • This was shown by culturing cells with different karyotypes • XY XO both with 1 X chromosome • XX XXY both with 2 X chromosomes • XXX XXXX both with 3 or more X chromosomes • Looked at levels of enzymes encoded by the X chromosome

  4. X LINKED GENE • G6PD, glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase, gene is carried on the X chromosome • This gene codes for an enzyme that breaks down sugar • Females produce the same amount of G6PD enzyme as males • XXY and XXX individuals produce the same about of G6PD as anyone else

  5. G6PD GENE • There are variant alleles of the G6PD gene • G6PD A G6PD B • Produce different variants of the enzyme, but both break down sugar • Female could be heterozygous for G6PD A and G6PD B • Each cell only produces 1 of the 2 forms of the enzyme

  6. X CHROMOSOME • Only 1 X chromosome is active in any given cell. The other is inactive • In some cells the paternal allele is expressed • In other cells the maternal allele is expressed • In XXX and XXXX females and XXY males only 1 X is activated in any given cell the rest are inactivated

  7. X CHROMOSOME • XXX embryo survives because it inactivates 2 X chromosomes and has only 1 functioning X chromosome in any given cell • Trisomy 21 can not inactivate the extra copy of chromosome 21. So you have Down syndrome • The only chromosome we can inactivate is the X chromosome

  8. Table 12.3

  9. 3 TYPES OF CHROMATIN • Euchromatin true chromatin • Chromosomal regions that possess active genes • Heterochromatin • These regions stain darker than euchromatin • Highly repetitive DNA with very few active genes • Usually found around the centromere and near the tips of chromosomes (telomeres) • Facultative Heterochromatin • Active like euchromatin in some cells and inactive like heterochromatin in other cells

  10. Facultative Heterochromatin • Serves as a mechanism for a cell to shut off a portion or an entire chromosome to prevent gene expression • X chromosome is made up of facultative heterochromatin • Active X chromosome behaves like euchromatin, with active genes that are transcribed • Inactive X chromosome behaves like heterochromatin

  11. Facultative Heterochromatin • The cell inactivates one X chromosome by converting the entire chromosome to heterochromatin or inactive DNA • This inactive DNA makes up the dark staining Barr body • This process occurs in females or any individual with more than one X chromosome

  12. LYON HYPOTHESIS • 1961 English geneticist Mary Lyon proposed this hypothesis to describe X inactivation • Consists of 5 tenants • 1. Condensed X chromosome is genetically inactive • 2. X inactivation in humans occurs early in development when embryo consists of about 32 cells. 1 or 2 days following fertilization

  13. 5 TENANTS OF LYON HYPOTHESIS • 3. At this stage in each of the 32 cells one of the X chromosomes is randomly inactivated • 4. Inactivation is mitotically stable • 5. Net effect of this is to equalize phenotypes in males and females for genes that are carried on the X chromosome

  14. Human Chromosomes • One X chromosome in females is inactivated early in embryonic development.

  15. PAR REGION NOT INACTIVATED • RSP4 gene in this region present on both X and Y chromosomes • Encodes a protein that makes up part of the ribosome • If this gene were inactivated it would reduce by half the number of ribosomes made and reduce the protein synthesized capacity of that cell by half

  16. X REACTIVATION IN FEMALES • In the female fetus future germ cells undergo Lyonization along with somatic cells at the 32 cell stage • Following differentiation of female fetus, the inactivated X chromosomes are reactivated during female gametogenesis • When germ cells develop into oocytes and enter meiosis their inactivated X chromosomes become reactivated so that every egg produced has an activated X chromosome prior to fertilization

  17. X REACTIVATION IN MALES • XXY Klinefelter males also reactivate the second X chromosome during gametogenisis • The presence of an extra X chromosome during early puberty causes death of male germ cells and testicular atrophy • This leads to low levels of testosterone

  18. NONDISJUNCTION OF SEX CHROMOSOMES • Extra copies of the X and Y chromosomes do not cause the severe problems that extra autosomes do • Nondisjunction in mother would produce eggs that are XX or O with no X chromosome • If XX egg fertilized with X sperm get an individual who is XXX. • Individual will be sterile and have 2 Barr bodies

  19. NONDISJUNCTION OF SEX CHROMOSOMES • If XX egg fertilized with Y sperm get an individual who is XXY. • Individual will be sterile male with many female body characteristics. • Known as Klinefelter syndrome • Occurs 1/500 male births • If O egg fertilized by Y sperm the zygote is non-viable • If O egg fertilized by X sperm get and individual who is XO. Turner syndrome

  20. NONDISJUNCTION OF SEX CHROMOSOMES • Turner syndrome • Occurs 1/2000 live births • Sterile • Can also have non-disjunction of the Y chromosome in males • Produce sperm with 2 Y chromosomes • Fertilize an X egg develop into XYY male • Fertile males • Occurs 1/1000 males

  21. MOSAICISM • Is due to a mitotic loss of 1 X chromosome in a cell early in zygotic development • This produces a combination of both XX and XO cells • The more XO cells an individual has the more severely she will be affected • Some estimates put mosaic Turner females as high as 60% to 80%

  22. TURNER SYNDROME • Newborns may not be affected • Lag behind classmates in sexual development • Reach puberty they fail to menstruate • Small uterus • Rudimentary ovaries • Remains a primitive streak gonad • Sterile • W/O an ovary they can not produce eggs or estrogen

  23. TURNER SYNDROME • Can lead fairly normal lives if they receive hormone supplements • Hormones promote breast development and other secondary sex characteristics if administered during puberty • Growth hormone adds up to 3 inches of height. Can mean the difference between an adult height of 4’11” to 5’2”

More Related