Who does research in Developing Countries ?

1. Who does researchin Developing Countries ? AGED 4713Spring 2003

2. Why is Agricultural research important? • Help to improve development • economic growth • poverty alleviation • rural development • improve management of natural resources • Ag research is central for boosting productivity • Better agriculture help to release labor for industrial employment M. Corro

3. Who does Agricultural Research in Developing Countries • Federal Government: • Ministry of Agriculture • Agricultural Universities • Private Sector: • Non-governmental Organizations • All known as National Agricultural Research System (NARS) M. Corro

4. What is NARS? • World Bank defined National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) as any national organization or institution which undertake agricultural research in developing countries M. Corro

5. Responsibility of NARS: • To conduct strategic, applied and adaptive research and on-farm trials to verify the effectiveness of new technology. • To provide interactive link among extension services, the private sector, educational institutions, and government ministries. M. Corro

6. Relationship between IARC and NARS • IARC’s strengthening national agricultural research in developing countries • Enhancing working relationships with colleagues in national programs • Strengthening skills in research administration and management, and formal training programs for research staff. M. Corro

7. Advantages of NARS • Direct institutional /client linkages • Close proximity to farmer’s problems • Ability to collect field-level data relatively inexpensively • On-site staff and facilities • Effective conduit for communicating development strategy and policies to policy makers M. Corro

8. Types of NARS • Publicly supported (centralized) • Collaborative federal/state agricultural research systems (decentralized ) • Endowed research institutes • Agricultural Universities • Private sector research institutes • Non-governmental Organizations • Multinational, regional research institutes M. Corro

9. Publicly supported (centralized) • Systems that are dependencies of , controlled by, and receive their financial support from the Ministry of Agriculture or other ministry in the federal government. • Examples: • Brazil: Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (Embrapa) • Kenya: Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) • Pakistan: Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) M. Corro

10. EMBRAPA: Brazilian Agricultural Research Institute • Embrapa's mission is to provide feasible solutions for the sustainable development of the Brazilian agribusiness by generating, adapting and transferring knowledge and technology that benefits the Brazilian Society. http://www.embrapa.br/english/ M. Corro

11. Agricultural, Livestock , Rural Development, Fishing and Food Secretariat www.sagarpa.gob.mx

12. Collaborative federal/state agricultural research systems (decentralized ) • Systems that channel federal, state, private sector, and producers (commodity associations) funding to semi-autonomous state level research and extension programs. • Programs are commodity linked with disciplinary, cross commodity programs • Research/extension linkage: close, assembling and adapting technology to producers’ needs. • Example: • Mexico: INIFAP M. Corro

13. Institutions supported by SAGARPA www.sagarpa.gob.mx Research Semi-autonomous Teaching Extension M. Corro

14. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias • The National Institute of Forestry, Livestock and Agricultural Research www.inifap.conacyt.mx M. Corro

15. Collaborative federal/state agricultural research systems (decentralized ) • Funded by • Federal • State • Producers in every state have a foundation (Fundacion Produce) M. Corro

16. Objectives • To develop and strengthen National Strategic Research • To promote applied research and technology transfer • To support research for sustainable natural resources management M. Corro

17. Researchers by Academic Degree 2002 Academic degreeNumber % Bachelor 229 19 Master 696 59 Doctorate 260 22 Total 1185 * 100 *6.3% are in Graduate College M. Corro

18. Distribution of researchers by area 2002 AreaNumber% Forestry 140 12 Crops 760 64 Livestock 285 24 Total 1185 100 M. Corro

19. 8Regional Research Centers(CIR)81Research Stations 6 National Centers M. Corro

20. Research Programs are commodity linked with disciplinary programs • 108 Crops • Avocado • Beans • Barley • Cacao • Corn • Citrus • Chile • Coffee • Cotton • Mango • Rice • Soybean • Wheat • Disciplinary areas • Biotechnology • Entomology • Integrated resources Management • Plant genetics • Irrigation systems • Rain fed land management • Mechanization • Biofertilization • Corn Protein gene(opaco) M. Corro

21. Research Programs are commodity linked with disciplinary programs • Livestock • Dairy Cattle • Dual Purpose • Sheep • Goat • Red deer • Pig • Poultry • Honey Bee • Disciplinary programs • Animal health • Epidemiology • Parasitology • Microbiology • Nutrition • Reproduction • Genetics • Biothecnology M. Corro

22. INIFAPTechnology Transfer Program to Livestock producers • GGAVATT: M. Corro

23. Agricultural universities • Institutions of higher learning that provide undergraduate and graduate education and grant related degrees, conduct research, and distribute information to agricultural sector clientele. M. Corro

24. Agricultural universities • Autonomous, some semi-autonomous • Structure: Centralized • Funding sources: Public-federal and state • Nature of programs: education; some research and extension • Limited research • Limited extension linkages • Linkage with international/multinational programs M. Corro

25. Summary • Importance of Agricultural research • What is a NARS ? • Relationship between IARC and NARS • Types of NARS • Examples of NARS • Importance of IARC’s • Types of Agricultural research M. Corro

26. M. Corro

27. International Ag. Research Centers • The IARC's research agenda focuses on both strategic and applied research. • This includes: • Problems affecting agricultural productivity and links these problems to broader concerns • Poverty reduction, • Sustainable management of natural resources, • Protection of biodiversity • Rural development. M. Corro

28. Types of Agricultural Research • Basic • Strategic • Applied • Adaptive/on farm level M. Corro

29. Types of Agricultural Research • Basic Research:is undertaken to develop knowledge for its own sake. Without no predetermined use in short term. • Example: • Gene research M. Corro

30. Types of Agricultural Research • Strategic Research:is aimed at solving those problems which affect several regions of the world or a country. Try to response why ? And how? • Example: • Biotechnology • Identifying new varieties M. Corro

31. Types of Agricultural Research • Applied Research:is aimed to answer current problems in a particular state, region or county. • Example: • Response to fertilization • Tillage Practices M. Corro

32. Types of Agricultural Research • Adaptive/Farm Level Research: involves the identification, through experimentation on farms, of the specific combination of crop and animal production practices that will provide maximum productivity on those farm • Example: • Field demonstration, comparison between new practice and the farmer practice M. Corro