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Ecology

Ecology. The study of living organisms in the natural environment, how they interact with one another and how they interact with their nonliving environment . How are organisms classified?. 2 Latin names Homo sapiens Homo = genus Homo sapiens = species Genus= initial capital letter

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Ecology

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  1. Ecology The study of living organisms in the natural environment, how they interact with one another and how they interact with their nonliving environment

  2. How are organisms classified? • 2 Latin names Homo sapiens Homo = genus Homo sapiens = species • Genus= initial capital letter • Specific name = lower case • Always italic

  3. Helianthus annuus Sunflower Canis familiaris Dog BINNOMIAL SYSTEM Canis lupus Wolf Panthera tigris tigris Bengal Tiger Panthera tigris altaica Siberian Tiger

  4. Animal Kingdom • Invertebrates: • Porifera • Cnidaria • Platyhelminthes • Roundworms • Mollusks • Annelida • Arthropods • Echinoderms • Vertebrates: • Fish • Amphibian • Reptiles • Birds • Mammals • ALL heterotrophic: get food from environment (plants are AUTOTROPHS = MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD)

  5. Porifera • Sponges • Pores • Filter water • Asymmetrical • Do not move • Eat plankton

  6. Cnidaria • Jellyfish, anemones, coral • Stinging cells in tentacles • Radial symmetry • Eat: small and large organisms like fish Portuguese Man of War Caravela Portuguesa Brain coral

  7. Platyhelminthes • Tapeworm, planaria • Bilateral symmetry • Eat other animals • Some parasites: steal food from host Taenia – parasite tapeworm

  8. Annelids • Earthworms, Leeches • Terrestrial, marine, parasites • “Rings” – segmented body • Bilateral symmetry leeches earthworm

  9. Mollusks • Clams, Snails, Slugs, Squid, Octopus • Soft body • Shell • Bilateral symmetry • Primitive brain

  10. Arthropods • Crabs, lobsters, shrimp, spiders, mites, scorpions, centipedes, insects • Articulated legs • Hard exoskeleton • Segmented body • Shed exoskeleton in order to grow • Bilateral symmetry millipede centipede “kissing bug” - barbeiro spider crab Praying mantis

  11. Walking stick Blue lobster More arthropods... scorpion cockroach

  12. Echinoderms • Sea urchin, sea cucumber, sand dollar, starfish • Marine • Radial symmetry Sea urchin red knobbed starfish Sand dollar Sea cucumber

  13. Vertebrates

  14. Cold-blooded animals - Ectothermic

  15. Warm-blooded animals - Endothermic

  16. Ecology Vocabulary: • Autotroph = Producer = makes its own food (plants, algae) • Heterotroph = Consumer = gets food from the environment (animals, fungi) • Decomposers = eat dead organic matter (bacteria, fungi) • Consumers can be: • Herbivore • Carnivore • Omnivore

  17. Ecology Vocabulary Ecosystem: Area in which living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) factors interact Biotic factors: living things (animals, plants, microorganisms, etc) Abiotic factors = non-living things like water, temperature, soil, light, air... Habitat = place in which an organism lives Species Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere

  18. Food Chains/Food Webs • Represent the flow of energy from the sun to autotrophs to heterotrophs • Let’s classify the organisms into: • Producers • Primary consumers • Secondary consumers • Tertiary consumers • Quaternary consumers

  19. Energy transfer • As you go up trophic levels, organisms lose energy. • An ecosystem can support more primary consumers, than tertiary consumers

  20. Symbiotic Relationships • MUTUALISM: Both species benefit (+/+) Cleaner shrimp Pollination: bees + flowers Birds + rhino Clownfish + anemone

  21. Symbiotic Relationships • PARASITISM: One species benefits at the expense of another (+/-) • Host/Parasite tick tapeworm Roundworm leech lamprey

  22. Symbiotic Relationships • COMMENSALISM: One species benefits, other is unaffected (+/0) Bacteria - common in the intestine Bird gets insects that fly away while the cow is grazing

  23. Symbiotic Relationships • PREDATION: One species benefits at the expense of another (+/-) Lion hunting zebra

  24. Camouflage - Adaptations Owl Crabspider Frog Hare Horned Lizard

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