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VISUAL PROSTHESIS

VISUAL PROSTHESIS. By Richard Jones and David Henley. OVERVIEW. Various methods of helping (partially) blind Brain implant Seeing with sound Eye implant. The First Useful Artificial Eye . First implanted in 1978 Allowed ‘ Jerry ’ to see shades of grey

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VISUAL PROSTHESIS

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  1. VISUAL PROSTHESIS By Richard Jones and David Henley

  2. OVERVIEW • Various methods of helping (partially) blind • Brain implant • Seeing with sound • Eye implant

  3. The First Useful Artificial Eye • First implanted in 1978 • Allowed ‘Jerry’ to see shades of grey • Whilst connected to a 10ft by 7ft, 2 ton computer • Now computer weighs 5kg, and Jerry sees phosphenes • Edge detection algorithms applied to images from camera • ‘Jerry’ can navigate New York subway • Very limited field of view

  4. Neural Implants • Camera mounted on glasses • Computer converts signals into a form that can be ‘understood’ by the brain • Signal passes down wires into the skull • Connect to an electrode array on the surface of the visual cortex. • Since the 1950s it has been known that stimulating the visual cortex produces phosphenes

  5. The Second Generation • Costs $80,000 US • Percutaneous pedestals - were sunk into both sides of Jens skull • Connected to platinum electronic arrays lying on surface of visual cortex • Phosphene images had to be mapped • He drove a car

  6. Alternative methods • Implant described sits on top of the visual cortex • Many neurons are stimulated at once • Richard Normann, is working on device that will be implant into the visual cortex • Lower voltages required, so safer • Much more accurate • Potential to stimulate individual neurons

  7. vOICe DEVICE • Visual Cortex can be stimulated by sound • Typically 4000 pixels (vocals) / sec • Perception 1000-4000 • $2500 (exc training/adaptation) • Environment /web etc

  8. HOW IT WORKS • 1) Left and Right • Scanning, stereo • 2) Top and Bottom • Pitch = elevation • 3) Dark and Light • Loudness = brightness

  9. EXAMPLE Oscilloscope other sound?

  10. EXAMPLE 2

  11. USER THOUGHTS • A late-blinded user of The vOICe commented on August 29, 2002, saying: ``Just sound?.... No, It is by far more, it is sight ! There IS true light perception generated by the vOICe. When I am not wearing the voice the light I perceive from a small slit in my left eye is a grey fog. When wearing the vOICe the image is light with all the little greys and blacks. Yet a definite light image .”…….

  12. ADVANTAGES • Cheap (1/10 implant cost) • Fewer risks • Quick • No implants, no electrodes, no surgery • Unobtrusive

  13. DISADVANTAGES • Cannot hear anything else • Limited information • Brain can only perceive so much sound • Training is equivalent to learning a foreign language

  14. EYE IMPLANT • Artificial Retina • Optic nerves and ganglia are intact • Partially sighted • Infra-red positioning/info/power

  15. EYE IMPLANT

  16. EYE IMPLANT

  17. EXAMPLE OF PIXELATION

  18. CONCLUSON • Field is advancing all the time • Three routes mentioned here have adv/disadv • Dr. Dobelle has predicted that guide dogs / Braille will be obsolete by 2100 • Geordi LaForge here we come!!!

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