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Understanding Important Carbohydrates in Biochemistry

This learning module covers key carbohydrates such as monosaccharides and oligosaccharides, their structures, clinical significances, and functions in glycoproteins. Explore the significance of individual sugars and their metabolic pathways.

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Understanding Important Carbohydrates in Biochemistry

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  1. Significant Carbohydrates

  2. Learning Objectives • To identify some of the important carbohydrates • To describe some of the characteristics of these individual sugars • To understand the importance of individual sugars • To explain the clinical significance (if any) of these carbohydrates

  3. Monosaccharides (Trioses) • Trioses • Aldotrioses(D & L-glyceraldehyde) • Simplest and smallest sugar • One asymmetric carbon (02 isomers) • Gly-3-P is a metabolite of glycolysis&HMP-Shunt • Precursor of glycerol (required for the synthesis of TAGs) • Ketotrioses(Dihydroxy-acetone) • No asymmetric carbon (no isomer) • A metabolite of glycolysis • Can be converted into glyceraldehyde & glycerol

  4. Monosaccharides (Tetroses) • Tetroses • Aldotetroses(e.g. erythrose) • Two asymmetric carbons (4 isomers) • A metabolite ofHMP-Shunt • Ketotetroses(e.g. erythrulose) • One asymmetric carbon (2 isomers)

  5. Monosaccharides (Pentoses) Aldoses Ketoses

  6. Monosaccharides (Pentoses)

  7. Monosaccharides (Pentoses)

  8. Aldoses Monosaccharides (Hexoses)

  9. Ketoses Monosaccharides (Hexoses)

  10. Monosaccharides (Hexoses)

  11. Monosaccharides (Hexoses)

  12. Monosaccharides (Hexoses)

  13. Disaccharides

  14. Disaccharides

  15. Disaccharides • Lactulose (Gal + Frc) • Used in the treatment of some chronic liver diseases associated with hyper-ammonemia • Lactitol (galactosido-sorbitol) • Also used in the treatment of some chronic liver diseases

  16. Disaccharides

  17. Oligosaccharides (contain same or different monosaccharides or their derivatives) • Trisaccharides: raffinose (glucose, galactose and fructose) • Tetrasaccharides: stachyose (2 galactoses, glucose and fructose) • Pentasaccharides: verbascose (3 galactoses, glucose and fructose) • Hexasaccharides ajugose (4 galactoses, glucose and fructose)

  18. Oligosaccharides OCCURRENCE: • Oligosaccharide chains are found as part of glycoproteins( & glycolipids )attached through • O2 of serine or threonine (O – glycosidic) • N of asparagine (N – glycosidic) or • Glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) linkage

  19. Oligosaccharides • Glycoproteins containing oligosaccharide chains include • Integral membrane proteins, • Receptors • Hormonesand • Other proteins(like antibodies, clotting factors)

  20. Functions of the Oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins • Modulate physicochemical properties, e.g. solubility, viscosity, charge, conformation, denaturation, and binding sites for bacteria and viruses. • Involved in biologic activitye.g. of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) • Affect membrane functionslike transport across membrane, intracellular migration, sorting and secretion • Affect embryonic development • Protect against proteolysis,

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