Absolutism, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, French Rev. & Napoleon, Congress of Vienna, Nationalism, Industrializa

1. Final Exam Review

2. Absolutism • 1. Absolutism is a type of Gov. in which the ruler has absolute power • 2. Monarchs justified their absolute rule by claiming that they had Divine Right to rule by god

3. Scientific Revolution • The Scientific Revolution was a major change in European thought in the 1500’s that led to people beginning to question the world around them • Discoveries: • Heliocentric Theory: Sun is center of universe • Telescope • Scientific Method • Printing Press • Gravity • Impact on the People: • Began to discover new medicine to help stop disease and sickness • Conflicted and weakened the strength of the Church

4. The Enlightenment • The Enlightenment was the Application of the Scientific Method to all aspects of society • Age of reason because people began to study the reasoning behind the way society worked • Hobbes: believed people were selfish and greedy in a state of nature and needed the gov. to protect them through a social contract. Favored absolute monarchy • Voltaire: Promoted religious tolerance and Free Speech, highly influenced the First Amendment in the U.S. • Montesquieu: Separation of Powers • Rousseau: Individual Freedom, Social Contract where people give up some freedom for common good • Locke: Life, liberty, property…if a gov. fails to protect that, the people have the right to overthrow it

5. French Rev. and Napoleon • Causes of French Rev: • The Estates System and its unfair class structure • Enlightenment Ideas impacting the people of the Third Estate • No food or money!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! • Weak leadership of Louis XVI/Marie Antoinette • Declaration of Rights Of Man: • All men born free and equal • Natural rights to liberty, property, security • Freedom of speech and religion • Very similar t o Dec. of Ind. And influenced by it

6. Robespierre ruled France as a dictator • Reign of Terror: execution of any enemy of Robespierre or the revolution • Similar to Stalin in the fact that they both carried out purges of enemies of the state • Napoleon Bonaparte: Became a War hero during the revolution. Napoleon overthrew the directory with the backing of the military and took over as a dictator. He later crowned himself emperor • Napoleon began spreading the French Empire across Europe with his military • He spread a slightly democratic organized common law system known as the Napoleonic Code across Europe • Invaded RUSSIA during the Winter and did not retreat until it was too late • Legacy of Napoleon: One of the worlds best military minds, spread democratic Napoleon Code, led to rise of nationalism across Europe

7. Congress of Vienna: • Goals: Establish Peace, balance of power, restore Conservative rulers, surround France with strong countries • Led to longest lasting peace in European history

8. Nationalism • Nationalism: strong sense of pride in your country • Goals: want to control their own gov of common people, independence • Can either unify common people together or disunify by creating an us vs. them mentality which split apart empires • Otto von Bismarck: German nationalist who used Real Politik • Real Politik: self interest is greater than morals, power politics, the ends justify the means • Led to unification of German Nation and the End of the Austrian/prussian empire

9. Industrialization • Industrial Revolution: shift from agricultural, man made goods to industrialized machine made goods • Advancements in farming (enclosures, crop rotation), machines, factories, steam engine • Factors of Production: land, labor, capital (money) • Began in England because they had the factors of production needed to industrialize

10. Imperialism: • Why Imperialize Africa: • Nationalism: make nation greater • Economic expansion: take Resources • Ideology: European racism (social Darwinism/white mans burden) • They were stronger than the African nations

11. Berlin Conference: European nations decided on border lines where they would divide Africa among each other • Suez Canal: In Egypt between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. Important because of its strategic location as a trade route between asia, Africa, and Europe • Sun Never Sets on British EmpireBritainhad land in all corners of the world, the sun literally never set on a the British Empire

12. India was most important colony because of its large amount of Raw materials and large population • Britain forced Indians to only buy British goods, set up large Rail system, treated Indians with brutality • Sepoy rebellion: rebellion over rumors of beef and pork fat used on cartridges • Indians fought back against British control in sepoy rebellion but were not able to unite

13. China: allowed the British to exploit them by hooking them on Opium and making them reliant on the drug • Allowed European spheres of influence to dominate them • Opium War and Boxer Rebellion to try to rid China of European control and led to them trying to strengthen themselves • Japan: when approached by the U.S. Navy to trade, Japan quickly modernized and strengthened themselves to avoid imperialism in Japan

14. WWI • Long Term Causes: MAIN • MILITARISM: EUROPEAN COUNTRIES EXPANDING MILITARY AND GLORIFYING MILITARY PRESTIGE • Alliances: system of alliances between many European nations pulled Europe quickly into war • Imperialism: intense competition over colonies and resources increased tensions • Nationalism: belief that your country was best led to competition and tension • Alliances: • Triple ententeallied Powers: GB, France, Russia • Triple alliance central powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

15. Short Term Causes: • Balkan states: highly nationalistic area with tension between nations • Austria had taken Bosnia into its empireBosnia wanted to get rid of Austrian control • GavrilloPrincip (Bosnian backed terrorist) assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand from AustriaBoom WWI ignited

16. Schlieffen Plan: sweep into France, take parisRussia • Failed • Trench Warfare: Stalemate where both sides are fighting defensive battles with no mans land in middle • Machine gun fire, artillery, tanks, planes, gasses made no man’s land a death sentence

17. Facing massive losses, Russia withdrew from the War after their Russian Revolution • Now a one front war, the U.S. entered on the allied side • With American help, the Allies one the war after the Second Battle of the Marne • Treaty of Versailles: • America: promote peace with Wilson’s 14 points • Britain/France: PUNISH GERMANY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! • Versailles vs. Vienna: • Versailles led to anger, punishment, and unstable truce • Congress of Vienna did not punish France, made everyone happy and led to peace

18. Revolution and Interwar Years • Causes of Russian Rev: • Harsh absolute rule of Czars • Industrializationclass struggle and poverty • Lost russo-Japanese war • Bloody Sunday • Wwi

19. Compare Russia/France • Both had class struggle, poor, ill-fed lower class • Both had harsh rulers before rev. • Both were fueled by the peasant class • Both went through devastating purges

20. Lenin: • Wanted to spread communism in Russia • Promised peace, land and property • Bolshevik Rev: overthrew the provisional gov. led by Kerensky and put in place lenin and communism Russian civil war

21. Totalitarianism: total control by the government over every aspect of life • dictatorship/one party rule • Glorify state • State control over everything • Propaganda • Force to crush opposition

22. Stalin came to power after a power struggle with Leon Trotsky • Stalin was focused on developing a strong military and industry • Stalin set up a command economy where gov. made all decisions • Set up 5 year plans: quota system put in place on goods and food to increase production • Collectivizationgovernment owned farms where farmers were forced to give up food to meet quota’s. Led to massive manmade famine in Ukraine • Great Purge: got rid of any opposition to Stalin, including his top advisors/military members

23. China • Civil War: Nationalists vs. Communists led by Mao Zedong • Nationalists were not focused on improving the lives of the peasants, communists promised to give peasants land • Peasants supported communists and mao Zedong due to his promise to give them land and food • Communists won civil war and put Zedong in place as leader

24. India • Indian Nationalists: Get rid of Britain! • British policies: • Promised freedom during WWIlied and never gave India independence • Massacred peaceful protestors • High taxes on Indians • All of these led to Indians uniting to get rid of britain

25. Gandhi: leader of indian Nationalist Independence movement • Practiced satyagraha or peaceful civil disobedience • Used peaceful protest to accomplish his goals • Peaceful march to sea for salt during Salt march and other peaceful protests • Britain used brutality against peaceful protestorsworld began to sympathize with India

26. Fascism: • Fascism: extreme Nationalistic government focused on promoting state • People turned to fascism to fix the problems facing nations after WWI • Inflation, poverty,, weak governments, anger over Versailles • Similar to Communism in that they have totalitarian governments

27. The poor conditions in Italy and Germany forced them to turn to strong leaders like Hitler and Mussolini • Mussolini promised to bring stability and a better economy to Italyforced overthrow of gov. and became Prime Minister • Hitlerattempted to overthrow gov. and failed. He later became chancellor after Nazi party won majority in Parliament • Nazism: fascist party in Germany focused on superiority of Aryan Race and persecution of the Jews

28. WWII • Axis Powers=Germany, Italy, Japan • Aggression: • JapanManchuria • JapanChina • ItalyEthiopia • GermanyRhineland, Austra, Sudetenland, Czech, Poland

29. League/Britain/France=Appeasement, they do nothing • Give in to hitler to avoid war • Blitzkrieg=Lightening War, adopted modern weapons to modern strategy. Used planes first, then tanks and ground forces to invade • Not using weapons for defense, using them for offense unlike in WWI • Western Conquestinvadenw Europe then turn to France going around the Maginot Linetakefrancetry to take Britain (battle of Britain) • Eastern Conquest=invade ussrsiegeLeningradmarch to Stalingradinvade during winter (Bad idea)lose most of armyretreat

30. Turning Point Battles • N. Africa=El Alameinturn the Axis powers back in Egypt and prevented them from taking Suez Canal • Europe=D-Day opens two front war • Stalingrad=Hitler made devastating mistake invading in winter • Battle of Bulge=hitlers last offensive • Ddayliberation of France and German Retreat

31. Japan: • Island Hopping Campaign working well after Battle of Midway • U.S. takes Okinawa and Iwo Jima, 2 islands close to Japan • U.S. decides dropping nuke would save more lives than an invasion • Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombed with Atomic BombJapan Surrenders

32. Holocaust: persecution and genocide against the Jews • 6+million dead • Final Solution: extermination of Jews at Death Camps • United Nations: • Promote international peace • Different in that most countries joined and it actually had powers to punish countries or use forces in conflict

33. Cold War • War between U.S. and USSR fought over political, economic, social system dominance • Ideological conflict: Democracy vs. Communism • Soviet Blame: • Berlin Crisis, Cuban Missile Crisis, Backing communist take overs in Asia, Warsaw Pact, involvement in arms race/space race • U.S. blame: • Marshall Plan/Truman Doctrine spread democracy, NATO, fighting wars in Korea/Vietnam, backing democratic gov. around the world

34. Containment: • Truman Doctrine: U.S. would aid and help spread free democracies • Marshall Plan: Provide aid to countries to rebuild in Europe after WWII • NATO: alliance between democratic nations to protect all democracy from threat of Communism • Iron Curtain divided Eastern and Western Europe • Berlin Wall separated East Berlin from West Berlin • USSR crushed rebellion in Hungary killing 20,000 people • Warsaw Pact: Alliance between communist nations to protect themselves from democratic nations • Glastnost Openness, opened ussr to freedom of press and speech • Perestroika allowed small scale capitalism • People had a taste of democracy and wanted moreled to collapse of USSR

35. India/Pakistan: during independence movement Muslim League and Congress Party divided • Muslims persecuted by Hindus and vice versa • Partitioned indiainto Pakistan Muslim nation and Hindu India • Still divided today and still high tensions

36. Mao’s Great Leap Forward: • Implemented collective farming in Communes in China • Totally failed, massive famine led to 20 million dead • Decolonization: independence movements in colonies • New gov. typically instable and weak • Conflict between people and violence

37. Israel • Zionism: Jewish Nationalist movement • Balfour Declaration: new Jewish Nation State in Jerusalem proposed for a Jewish safe haven • Israel formed after UN divided Palestinian lands after 1948 in order to give Jews a safe place to live after WWII • Immediate consequence: Jews flock to Israel, instantly face conflict between Israel and Palestine • Long Term Consequence: Continued violence and border disputes between Israeli’s and Palestinians