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ENVE 201 Environmental Engineering Chemistry 1

ENVE 201 Environmental Engineering Chemistry 1. SOLIDS (Chapter 26) Dr. Aslıhan Kerç. SOLIDS. Solid matter  in liquid and semi -l iquid materials, measured in: - Potable waters - Wastewater - Domestic and industrial wastes - Sludges

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ENVE 201 Environmental Engineering Chemistry 1

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  1. ENVE 201EnvironmentalEngineeringChemistry 1 SOLIDS (Chapter 26) Dr. Aslıhan Kerç

  2. SOLIDS • Solid matter  in liquid and semi-liquid materials, measured in: - Potable waters - Wastewater - Domestic and industrial wastes - Sludges • All matter except the water contained in liquid materials is classified as solid matter.

  3. SOLIDS • Solids: Matter that remains as residue upon evaporation and drying @103 – 105oC • Gravimetric methods are used for solids determination - Dissolved - Suspended - Volatile - Fixed solids

  4. Dissolved – Undissolved Solids • In potable waters most of the matter is in dissolved form and consists of inorganic salts, small amount of organic matter, dissolved gases. • Dissolved solids  20 – 1000 mg/L Hardness increases with total dissolved solids • Total dissolved solids measurement  Drying at 103 – 105oC

  5. Dissolved – Undissolved Solids • Dissolved solids analysis  Conducted at 180oC. (high temperature  to remove all mechanically bounded water) • Undissolved subtsances  Suspended matter or suspended solids

  6. Volatile and Fixed Solids • Solids determination in organic wastes (domestic, industrial wastes and sludges)  Measure of organic matter. • Combustion procedure is used in which organic matter is converted to gaseous CO2 and water

  7. Volatile and Fixed Solids • Controlled temperature  prevent decomposition and volatilization of inorganic substances • Ignition at 550oC  Lowest temperature at which organic matter oxidizes. Inorganic salts are stable

  8. Volatile and Fixed Solids • Organic matter  Loss in weight through high temperature oxidation and volatilization • Ignition at 550oC  Pyrolysis oof carbohydrates and other organics

  9. Volatile and Fixed Solids • At 550oC minimal decompsition of inorganic salts • Ammonium salts are vloatilized • Other inorganic salts stay stable, exception: MgCO3

  10. Volatile and Fixed Solids • Analysis is conducted in muffle furnace  Accurate control of temperature CaCO3 decomposes @ 825oC • CaCO3 is a major component of inorganic salts • Dissolved inorganic salts are not a consideration  removed during filtration

  11. Volatile Solids • If wastewater (especially industrial) contains volatile solids in the organic portion (short chain fatty acids, ketones, aldehydes, HC)  lost during evaporation. Solids measurement does not give idea about organic content.

  12. Settleable Solids • Solids in suspension that will settle by the influence of gravity • If specific gravity > water  settle • Sludges  accumulation of settleable solids • Settleable solids determination is important for the design of sedimentation units.

  13. Settleable Solids • Determined using Imhoff cone • Allow 1 h settling • Reported as : mL / L

  14. Observation of sludge characteristics in an Imhoff Cone

  15. Environmental Significance of Solids • For drinking water use, dissolved solids should be < 500 mg/L • If higher  Laxative or reverse effects on people (observed on passangers) • Standard recommended max. value 1000 mg/L

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