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States of Matter

States of Matter. Chapter 13. Section 13.1. Gases. Kinetic-Molecular Theory. Objects in motion have energy called kinetic energy. The kinetic-molecular theory describes the behavior of gases in terms of particles in motion.

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States of Matter

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  1. States of Matter Chapter 13

  2. Section 13.1 Gases

  3. Kinetic-Molecular Theory • Objects in motion have energy called kinetic energy. • The kinetic-molecular theory describes the behavior of gases in terms of particles in motion. • The model makes several assumptions about the size, motion, and energy of gas particles.

  4. Particle Size • Gases consist of small particles that are separated from one another by empty space. • The volume of the particles is small compared with the volume of the empty space. • Because gas particles are far apart, there are no significant attractive or repulsive forces among them.

  5. Particle Motion • Gas particles are in constant, random motion. • Particles move in a straight line until they collide with other particles or with the walls of their container. • Collisions between gas particles are elastic. • An elastic collision is one in which no kinetic energy is lost. • Kinetic energy may be transferred between colliding particles, but the total kinetic energy of the two particles does not change.

  6. Particle Energy • Two factors determine the kinetic energy of a particle • Mass • Velocity • The kinetic energy of a particle can be represented by the equation • Velocity reflects both speed and direction of motion. • In a sample of a single gas, all particles have the same mass but do not have the same velocity. • Therefore, all particles do not have the same kinetic energy. • Kinetic energy and temperature are related. • Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter. • At a given temperature, all gases have the same average kinetic energy.

  7. Explaining the Behavior of Gases • Kinetic-molecular theory can help explain the behavior of gases. • For example, the constant motion of gas particles allows a gas to expand until it fills its container. • What property of gases makes it possible for an air-filled flotation device to work?

  8. Low Density • Density is mass per volume • A great deal of space exists between gas particles • Compression and Expansion • Gases expand until they fill their container • Diffusion and Effusion • Diffusion is the term used to describe the movement of one material through another from high to low concentration. • During effusion, a gas escapes through a tiny opening. • Graham’s law of effusion states that the rate of effusion for a gas is inversely

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