Modern History of South Africa Main Idea Statements

1. Modern History of South Africa Main Idea Statements • The separation of races was essential to the minority control over South Africa. • Apartheid resulted in the creation of a system of inequality and injustice for the majority of South Africans. • Limited reforms were made to apartheid that had little effect on the lives of the majority of South African. • Limited political and social reforms in South Africa resulted in Non-White African resistance to white repression. (being kept down by force) • South Africa is making strides to dismantle the legacy of apartheid as well as working towards a more positive future through government reform.

2. Closure A fundamental CAUSE of apartheid was….. A major EFFECT of apartheid was/is….

3. World Revolution DVD Intro to Imperialism 7:00 minutes

4. South AfricaUse World Revolutions: South Africa DVD

5. Brief History of South Africa • 1652: The Dutch arrived on the southern coast and established Cape Town • Boers: Dutch for farmer • Afrikaners: white Dutch descendants of South Africa • Afrikaans: language

6. European settlement of South Africa began with the arrival of Dutch commander Jan van Riebeeck and his 90 men, who landed in 1652 at the Cape of Good Hope under instructions by the Dutch East India Company to build a fort and develop a vegetable garden for the benefit of ships on the Eastern trade route

8. Bantu Migration 6th Century

9. Bantu Migration

10. Brief History of South Africa • 1815: The British took over the Dutch colony. The Boers resented the British and wanted their independence

11. Brief History of South Africa • 1834: The British end slavery in all of their colonies. The Dutch farming economy depends on slaves for labor, so they rebel against the British anti-slavery laws.

12. Brief History of South Africa • 1836: The Boer Trek or Great Trek • Cause: When the British ended slavery, thousands of Boers left the south and headed north • saw as a threat to their way of life

13. Great Trek Bantu(Zulu)

15. Brief History of South Africa • Great Trek • Effects: • 1850s: The Boers established independent nations in the north. • Orange Free State & Transvaal • clashed with the Zulu, who had migrated to the same area and owned the best farmland. • the British stepped in on the side of the Boers and defeated the Zulu

18. An 1824 sketch of Shaka (1781 - 1828), the great Zulu king, four years before his death. By James King, it is the only known drawing of Shaka In 1879 the Zulu army, under King Cetshwayo, delivered a resounding and humiliating defeat to the armed might of the British Empire at Isandhlwana

19. Transvaal Orange Free State

20. Brief History of South Africa • 1867: Diamonds were discovered in the Boers republic • 1884: Gold was discovered in the Boer republic

21. Brief History of South Africa • 1899-1902: The Boer War • Boers vs. British • Causes • British wanted control of the diamonds and gold. The Boers fought back for their independence. • Effects • ended with the British in control of all of South Africa • 1910: Britain granted self-government to the Union of South Africa

23. The Boer reply was to intensify guerilla war – General Jan Smuts, who had been Kruger's state attorney, led his troops to within 190 kilometres of Cape Town – and in response Kitchener adopted a scorched-earth policy and set up racially separate civilian concentration camps in which some 26 000 Boer women and children and 14 000 black and mixed race people were to die in appalling conditions.

24. Brief History of South Africa • 1910: Britain granted self-government to the Union of South Africa • Effects: whites controlled the government • only Whites voted • Boers were the majority, they gained control

25. World Revolution DVD Formal Apartheid

26. 1948: Apartheid • Apartheid began in 1948, under the Nationalist Party • Rigid separation of races – forced segregation • Afrikaans: "separateness” • All South Africans were classified: White, Black, Mixed races or Asian (Indians mostly) • White South Africans – 10% • Black South Africans – 79% • Mixed – 9% • Asians – 2%

28. Apartheid Laws • Separate development = justification • Bantustans/Homelands • was a territory set aside for South Africans Blacks • Pass laws • enacted to allowed South African Blacks out of their homelands for work • Could not officially live in cities (townships - Soweto) • Bantu Education • designed to ensure under achievement only preparing students for unskilled labor. • No voting for non-whites • Supported Ethnic divisions everywhere • Job classification

30. "In 1953 the government passed the Bantu Education Act, which the people didn't want. We didn't want this bad education for our children. This Bantu Education Act was to make sure that our children only learnt things that would make them good for what the government wanted: to work in the factories and so on; they must not learn properly at school like the white children. Our children were to go to school only three hours a day, two shifts of children every day, one in the morning and one in the afternoon, so that more children could get a little bit of learning without government having to spend more money. Hawu! It was a terrible thing that act."

36. Effects of Apartheid • Created a system of inequality • Guaranteed minority rule • South African Blacks = labor = basis of economy • Divided families

37. World Revolution DVD Anti Apartheid Movement 13:37-18:00

38. Brief History of South Africa • 1950s: Opposition to apartheid forms • National and International

39. National Opposition • African National Congress formed 1912 • Defiance Campaign • Mass Non-violence/ civil disobedience against unjust laws • Spear of the Nation: militant branch • Opposed minority government • Formed first multiracial democratically elected government • NkosiSikelel' iAfrika • The song was the official anthem for the African National Congress during the apartheid era and was a symbol of the anti-apartheid movement – song

40. African National Congress

41. National Opposition • Sharpeville Massacre 1960 • Cause: Demonstration against passbooks • Effects: worldwide protests against the South African government, ANC banned, 69 dead • Quote: • It was then that police opened fire, without being given a order to do so. Panic gripped the marches. They immediately tried to flee but were unable to do so, due to the massive crowd surrounding them. Press reports later described the scene, "policeman on top of Saracen armored vehicles swung sten guns in a wide arc, gunning down the crowd. Bodies laid strewn in the road and on the pavement. The wounded fled into backyards and side streets. Children ran like rabbits. One by one the guns stopped". The final toll was 69 dead and 180 had bullet wounds, among them seriously injured.

42. Suddenly I heard chilling cries of "IzweLethu" it sounded mainly like the voices of women. Hands went up in the famous black power salute. That is when the shooting started. We heard the clatter of machine guns one after the other. The protestors thought they were firing blanks or warning shots. One woman was hit about 10 yards away from our car, as she fell to the ground  her companion went back to assist, he thought she had stumbled. Then he tried to pick her up, as he turned her around he saw her chest had been blown away from the hail of bullets. He looked at the blood on his hand and screamed "God she had been shot". Hundreds of kids were running like wild rabbits, some of them were gunned down. Shooting only stopped when no living protestor was in sight".

43. Sharpeville Massacre

44. The police later claimed they were in extreme danger because the crowed was stoning them. They also said that the crowd was armed with weapons which littered the compound when they left. • Photographs taken by the press later revealed that the protestors were unarmed and only hats, bicycles, shoes and other personal belongings were left among the dead and injured bodies. At that time no one dared to testify against the apartheid police.

45. National Opposition • Soweto Riots 1976 • Cause: Students joined the protest when a new law went into affect requiring Afrikaans in all public school; symbol of white rule • Effects • Violence, arrests, Biko murdered

46. The Soweto demonstrations of 1976, the largest outbreak of violence in South Africa since the Sharpeville aftermath in 1960. On June 16, Soweto school children demonstrating against the use of Afrikaans as a language of instruction were met with massive police force, unleashing a wave of confrontations that resulted in close to 400 killed and thousands arrested. Large numbers of youngsters fled the country, providing fertile ground for recruitment of ANC guerrillas over the following years.

47. Soweto Riots Video Another Soweto Video Show this one

49. Anti-Apartheid Leaders • Albert Luthuli: • 1960 winner of the Nobel Prize for Peace, president of the ANC (1951), nonviolent resistance • Walter Sisulu: • ANC, planning role in the "Spear of the Nation“, 26 years prison • Stephen Biko • Black Consciousness Movement • focused on the ability of black people to change the oppressive situation in South Africa by rejecting the system of apartheid

50. Anti-Apartheid Leaders • Archbishop Desmond Tutu: • winner of the Nobel Prize for Peace, nonviolent resistance, (1980’s) • Nelson Mandela: see Biography questions • Brief CNN Video • Mandela Feb 4, 1994 Video • Mandala Pictures and Quotes • Timeline • Madiba- a sign of respect and affection