Volcanoes and Earthquakes

1. Volcanoes and Earthquakes By: Hannah Hanania, Madeline Luong, & CilySimson

2. What is a Volcano? • An opening in the earth’s crust, which allows molten rock, ash and toxic gases to erupt onto the Earth’s surface • Not all volcanoes erupt with the same intensity • Some may release lava, while other volcanoes only let out ash and gases • Volcanoes can be classified as… • Active • Dormant (not currently active) • Extinct (not expected to erupt again)

4. What Causes Volcanoes? • Rock is heated by the extremely high temperatures underneath the Earth’s surface • As it melts MAGMAis formed • The magma becomes less dense and therefore rises to the surface, where it becomes LAVA.

5. The Ring of Fire • Located at the borders of the Pacific Plate and other major tectonic plates • The Ring of Fire contains over 75% of the world's active and dormant volcanoes • This huge ring of volcanic and seismic (earthquake) activity was discovered before the invention of the theory of plate tectonics

6. Effects of Volcanoes… Bad Effects: Good Effects: Create formations and shape the Earth 80% of Earth’s surface has come from volcanoes Examples: -Hawaiian Islands were created by five Volcanoes -Rocky Mountains • Lava, ash fall, and landslides are some of the most dangerous hazards of volcanic eruptions • Give off harmful gases into the atmosphere • Cause acid rain and pollution • Can cause Tsunamis

7. Mt. Saint Helens • Washington State, May 18, 1980 • Blasts started at 220 mph increased to about 670 mph • 57 people died • 185 miles of highways and roads destroyed • Cost $1.5 billion • Thousands of animals killed

8. Fun Facts: • The term volcano, is derived from the name of the Roman God of fire, Vulcan. • Tallest Volcano is Mauna Loa (Kilauea) • Merap, a 9,500 ft high peak on the Indonesian Island- most dangerous volcano • The Krakatoa volcano erupted on August 26, 1883 and destroyed most of the island of Krakatoa. It is still active now.

9. Earthquakes

10. What is an Earthquake? • A trembling or shaking movement of the Earth's surface • May dramatically change surface of land, and the floor of the ocean • Two main causes of Earthquakes: • Can be linked to explosive volcanic eruptions and are very common in areas of volcanic activity where they occur during or after volcanic eruptions • Can be triggered by Tectonic activity associated with plate boundaries and faults. • The majority of earthquakes world wide are of this type

12. How are Earthquakes Measured? • Measured on the Richter scale • Richter scale was developed in 1935 By Charles F. Richter • Less than 2.0 are called micro earthquakes • Earthquakes greater than 4.5 can be recorded around the world • Richter Scale is based on the intensity of seismic waves which travel through the earth as energy.

13. Effects of an Earthquake • Can cause landslides and floods • Earthquakes that take place under the ocean can sometimes cause tsunamis, or tidal waves. • Can destroy buildings and cities, as well as the lives of many people

14. Recent Earthquakes • Japan earthquake caused a tsunami • 8.9 on the Richter Scale • Over 18,000 people killed • March 11, 2011 • The Haiti Earthquake caused a terrible tsunami • Killing thousands of people and uprooting the lives of millions • January 12, 2010 • 7.0 on the Richter Scale