TRANSPORT AND PUBLIC HEALTH: CASE STUDIES Robert Ravelli Contemporary Transport ™

1. TRANSPORT ANDPUBLIC HEALTH: CASESTUDIES Robert Ravelli  Contemporary Transport™ "Planning for our Future"

4. Where Transport Affects Health Infrastructure • The built facilities and modes that allow people to achieve health benefits through greater access or availability of health improvement enablers. • Access to Recreation Facilities(gyms, parks, pools, cycling clubs etc) • Access to Quality FoodOutlets that are nearby and fresh • Access to Healthy Transport Options direct health improvements achieved through enabling people to use healthier options for transport such as cycling and walking

5. Where Transport Affects Health Behaviour • Options to improve health by educating, informing and incentivising transport users and local communities to use mobility alternatives. Using social marketing to change behaviours. • Encouraging individuals to switch to alternative travel modes such as active travel other than travelling alone in cars • Changing individual travel patterns to reduce the need to travel or to reduce peak demand

6. How Transport Can Harm Health • Past policy and practice has often given priority to physically inactive modes of transport. The design and layout of towns and cities can discourage travel and access by public transport, on foot or by bicycle.  Psychological Effects– can be caused by community severance, noise and visual impacts. Negative psychological effects may also arise due to a negative traveller experience due to overcrowded or unsafe transport systems • Air pollution from vehicles affects respiratory health.  Noise pollution has potential to affect hearing at high levels. Traffic noise is an important cause of annoyance, as shown by differences in house prices related to noise. There are possible links to increased blood pressure, and therefore heart disease, but this is not yet properly established. • Road injuries. In Britain, there are over 3000 deaths and 60,000 severe – often long-term – injuries each year. Road injuries are caused by vehicle drivers, but the majority of injured are pedestrians, passengers and cyclists. Rail and train transport have much fewer injuries per journey. • Transportation, particularly new roads and rail systems usually require the clearing of land, which can affect natural areas of high ecological value. Once constructed, the system can create a permanent impact on the landscape, resulting in long term visual and ecological impacts

7. How Transport Benefits Health • Active Travel systems can reduce physical inactivity, through promotion of walking and cycling • Commuters can also gain health benefits by walking and cycling to mass transit stations. • mproved transport infrastructure can promote economic development to an area and provide access for local residents to employment and educational opportunities resulting in improved psychological effects to a population • Mass transit systems can improve air quality through the reducedconsumption of fossil fuels. • Active travel can also provide significant air quality benefits as this form of transit does not require consumption of fossil fuels or other external energy sources. • The substitution of roads with cars and trucks with biking and walking facilities can provide benefits in terms of noise reduction as active travel modes generally result in lower noise emissions than other forms

8. Future Car Commuting? • Meals That Fit into Your Cup Holder • Touch Screen Meal Orders at the Bowser • Refrigerated Glove Box • Satellite Navigation Around Gridlock • Jobs Move Out to the Suburbs to Be Near Skilled Workers Which Enables People to Move Even Further Out

9. Active Living by Design • Current trends indicate a strong association between land use, automobile dependency, the level of routine physical activity among Americans, and their health. • Land use planning that reduces distances between destinations can help improve public health by promoting active living, a way of life that integrates physical activity into daily routines. • Active Living by Design promotes environments that offer choices for integrating physical activity into daily life. www.activelivingbydesign.org

10. Active Living by Design • Opportunities for land use reform to encourage physical activity have never been greater. In order to realize change in the daily lives of citizens development must become more compact and mixed so that trips, especially to routine destinations, can be shorter and alternatives such as walking, bicycling and public transit can be more accessible, safe, convenient, affordable and practical.

12. Medieval cities were based on walking and hence were compact by necessity

13. Sprawl Impacts Health: Where do you walk?

14. Poundbury, Dorchester

15. Transport and Land Use Responses • A more compact and mixed land use pattern that offers shorter distances to interesting destinations with pedestrian-friendly design would encourage walking and biking, remove barriers to activity for everyone; and make healthy levels of physical activity attainable for large numbers of people during their daily routine.

16. Suggested Policies • Establish a close and consistent link between land use and transportation plans and priorities. • Approve local policies that are consistent with these plans and with broader community values. • Update zoning ordinances, building codes, and approval processes to encourage compact community design and a tighter mixture of activities. • Enact ordinances, codes and other policies that encourage owners to build on vacant lots and revitalize vacant properties. • Update road policies and standards and parking requirements and fees to improve connectivity, safety, street design and incentives for transit and nonmotorized transportation. • Focus on convenient siting and safe multimodal access to important destinations such as public schools and civic buildings. • Ensure funding for pedestrian and cycling-oriented capital improvements and public transit.

17. Physical Projects • Mix land uses close together and include civic uses in the mix. • Place higher density housing near commercial centers, transit lines and parks. • Create commercial centers or districts, rather than strip malls, to encourage walking. • Build accessible parks, trails and other recreational spaces. • Revive the downtown as a community gathering place and add housing to help create a safe, 24-hour-a-day walking environment. • Renovate vacant, upperstory apartments in downtowns. • Locate schools, parks, work sites and shopping areas near residential areas to encourage routine walking and biking.

18. Physical Projects • Design neighborhoods to be self-policing to lessen the cost of law enforcement. • Build shared courtyards to encourage neighbors to watch out for each other. Enhance lighting and windows on the street for security. • Create community gardens to bring people together, encourage physical activity and good nutrition and decrease crime. • Develop parking lots that provide for a continuous, attractive streetscape, safe pedestrian and bicycle access to buildings, and opportunities for shared use. • Design pedestrian-scale buildings and signs.

19. Well-Designed Density Urban-Advantage.com

20. Transit-Oriented Areas Urban-Advantage.com

22. Charlotte South Corridor

24. Tyvola Road Station Area

25. Barriers to Pedestrians

26. Sea of Parking Former K-Mart Store

29. Study Area

30. The Olympic Legacy • Combating climate change • Reducing waste • Enhancing biodiversity • Promoting inclusion • Improving healthy living

31. The Olympic Legacy: Healthy Living • The aquatic centre will be made available for local use • The polyclinic will be transformed into a primary care centre for the local community • New park space will encourage sports, walking, cycling etc. Park will be the size of Hyde Park • Improved transport connections

33. Methods of Travel to Work

34. Car or Van Ownership Per Household

35. Health of Residents

37. Low Income Areas- Barriers to Physical Activity • Long distances to important daily destinations • Lack of meaningful transportation choice • Unsafe neighbourhood and traffic conditions • Poor access to parks and recreational facilities • Air pollution, lack of time • Poor general health • Lack of social support for exercise. • Unaffordable fees for recreation facilities, child care

38. American Journal of Preventive Medicine Article Nov. 08 Research suggests that neighborhood residents who have better access to supermarkets and limited access to convenience stores tend to have healthier diets and lower levels of obesity. National and local studies across the U.S. suggest that residents of low-income, minority, and rural neighborhoods are most often affected by poor access to supermarkets and healthful food. In contrast, the availability of fast-food restaurants and energy-dense foods has been found to be greater in lower-income and minority neighborhoods.

40. Access to Food • Lack of supermarkets and quality food outlets • The provision of food within buildings • Providing space and organizing farmers markets • Subsidizing construction of supermarkets that are incorporated into developments that are accessible by walking and public transport • In Philadelphia the number of supermarkets in the lowest-income neighbourhoods was 156 percent less than in the highest-income neighbourhoods • Newham Food Access Partnership, Community Food Enterprise.

43. Community Food Enterprise • Community Food Enterprise (CFE) runs a number of food projects within and also outside Newham, including 12 social food outlets and a Mobile Food Store. • They are also developing a local food hub, to enable an expansion of their fruit and vegetable distribution activities, and an innovative mobile juice bar project. • www.community-food-enterprise.org.uk

44. What Can the Host Boroughs Do? • Education programs that promote behaviour change in the ways residents and visitors travel • Connectivity improvements that link the surrounding community with the Olympic Park • Designing mixed use transit oriented development that promotes active living, public health and mobility alternatives • Increasing outlets for food choices • Incorporating recreation facilities in new development and regeneration schemes • Creating a physical environment that less dominated by the car given the low car ownership in the area

45. Mayor’s Health Inequalities Strategy • Ensure that all major planning applications and Local Development Frameworks take full account of the need to provide more good quality affordable housing, and seek to optimise positive impacts on physical and mental health • Further develop social infrastructure planning models to ensure that new developments make a proper contribution to the provision of health related services

46. Mayor’s Health Inequalities Strategy • Ensure that new residential developments have accessible transport links, including high quality walking and cycling opportunities. • Ensure the regeneration opportunities associated with the 2012 Olympics support the delivery of improved infrastructure for sport and physical activity across London.

47. Olympic Delivery Authority Initiatives The London 2012 Sustainability Plan “Towards a One Planet 2012” areas for action to maximise the health benefits of the Games coming to London • Active Spectator Program • Provision of low emission vehicles • LOCOG One Planet Education Program • Enabling construction workers to access the site without increasing congestion • Travel planning for ticketed spectators

49. Summary results of epidemiological assessment

50. Qualitative Assessment-OTP Projects Assessed