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Barratt, BIP AgReseArch NZ Oberprieler, RG CSIRO AUStralia

XXIV International Congress of Entomology, Daegu , South Korea, Aug 2012 Section 14. Does Knowledge Of Natural Host Range Always Help Predict Host Range In New Areas Of Introduction? A Case Study With M icroctonus aethiopoides Loan. Barratt, BIP AgReseArch NZ

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Barratt, BIP AgReseArch NZ Oberprieler, RG CSIRO AUStralia

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  1. XXIV International Congress of Entomology, Daegu, South Korea, Aug 2012 Section 14 Does Knowledge Of Natural Host Range Always Help Predict Host Range In New Areas Of Introduction? A Case Study With MicroctonusaethiopoidesLoan • Barratt, BIP AgReseArch NZ • Oberprieler, RG CSIRO AUStralia • Barton, DM AgReseArch NZ • Mouna, M InstitutScientifique, rabat, Morocco • Stevens, M DPI, NSW, Australia • Alonso-Zarazaga, MA MuseoNacional de CienciasNaturales (CSIC), Madrid, spain • Vink, CJ AgReseArch NZ • Ferguson, CM AgReseArch NZ

  2. outline • Background, case study and objectives • Natural range • Morocco • Novel range • Australia • New Zealand • How well could we predict risk for NZ? • Summary

  3. outline • Background, case study and objectives • Natural range • Morocco • Novel range • Australia • New Zealand • How well could we predict risk for NZ? • Summary

  4. Background • Natural host range (hosts in area of origin) and • novel host-range (hosts in a new receiving environment) often informs biosafety risk assessment • Regulators often request natural and novel host range data as part of risk assessment • e.g. FAO ‘Code of Conduct’ (1996)

  5. Case study • Microctonus aethiopoides Loan • (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) • Solitary, koinobiont endoparasitoid of • the adult stage of its host • Hosts die when the parasitoid emerges • Females sterilised soon after parasitism • Introduced from Morocco into Australia • in 1977 and to NZ from Australia in 1982 • Effective biocontrol agent esp. in NZ • Since release been found to attack • NZ - 19 non-target weevil species in the field (14 natives) • AUS – 1 non-target in field

  6. objective • Determine retrospectively... • would better knowledge of the natural host range of M. aethiopoides in Morocco • and • novel host-range in Australia • ....have helped predict novel host range in NZ?

  7. outline • Background, case study and objectives • Natural range • Morocco • Novel range • Australia • New Zealand • How well could we predict risk for NZ? • Summary

  8. Known natural host range • Sitona spp (8) • Hypera spp. (3) • Loan (1975), Aeschlimann (1980) • Is the natural host range wider than this?

  9. Natural range - morocco • Sampled monthly (Sep-May) in 3 lucerne-growing regions: • Rabat – 3 sites (coastal plains) • Marrakech – 3 sites (inland semi-arid) • Ar-Rachidia – 4 sites (arid oasis) Blower-vac in lucerne and surrounding vegetation Morocco

  10. Natural range - morocco • Weevils identified, dissected for: • Parasitism – parasitoids kept for molecular identification • Gender determination • Reproductive status Phenology • Teneral condition }

  11. Results - morocco • 3,642 weevils collected, 84 % were S. discoideus • Others: • 46 species (4 families, 11 subfamilies, 23 tribes) • Hypera postica most common – in top 3 in all regions • Lixus ulcerosus common, only at Ar-Rachidia • Malvapion malvae - 4th most common Ar-Rachidia and Marrakech regions • Charagmus gressorius common at Rabat

  12. Results - morocco

  13. Results - morocco S. discoideus numbers/10

  14. Results - morocco S. discoideus numbers/10

  15. Results - morocco S. discoideus S. discoideus numbers/10

  16. Known natural host range • Sitona spp (8) • Hypera spp. (3) • Loan (1975), Aeschlimann (1980) • Is the natural range wider than this? • This study added another two host species in genus Charagmus, (C. gressorius and C. griseus) • Charagmus formerlya subgenus of Sitona* • *Velazquez de Castro et al (2007)

  17. Natural range - morocco • Charagmus griseus Entiminae: Sitonini • Charagmus gressorius Entiminae: Sitonini • Sitona discoideus Entiminae: Sitonini • Sitona hispidulus Entiminae: Sitonini • Sitona lepidus Entiminae: Sitonini • Sitona lineatus Entiminae: Sitonini • Sitona macularius Entiminae: Sitonini • Sitona puncticollis Entiminae: Sitonini • Sitona sulcifrons Entiminae: Sitonini • Sitona tenuis Entiminae: Sitonini • Hypera meles Hyperinae: Hyperini • Hypera nigrirostris Hyperinae: Hyperini • Hypera postica Hyperinae: Hyperini

  18. outline • Background, case study and objectives • Natural range • Morocco • Novel range • Australia • New Zealand • How well could we predict risk for NZ? • Summary

  19. Known Novel range - australia • 2001 - Survey of 25 sites in SE Australia • About 2500 weevils were collected, of which over 90% were S. discoideus • 29 other weevil spp. • Single incidence of NT parasitism at • Yanco Agric. Inst. NSW • Barratt et al. 2005. Australian • Journal of Entomology 44: 192-200 NSW SA Yanco ‘Prosayleus’ sp. 2 (Entiminae: Leptopiini) VIC

  20. Novel range – australia • Sampled at Yanco • Blower-Vac in irrigated and dryland lucerne • Weevils identified, dissected for parasitism • Parasitoids kept for molecular ID

  21. Results - australia • 3,338 weevils collected, 90% S. discoideus • Other common species: • ‘Prosayleus’ sp. 2 • Ethemaia sellata • Asynonychus cervinus

  22. Results australia - parasitism • S. discoideus - <25% • No other species parasitised • 49 Prosayleus ‘sp. 2’ collected (47 in dryland lucerne)

  23. outline • Background, case study and objectives • Natural range • Morocco • Novel range • Australia • New Zealand • How well could we predict risk for NZ? • Summary

  24. Novel range – New Zealand • Eugnomussp.1 Curculioninae: Eugnomini • Listroderesdelaiguei * Cyclominae: Listroderini • Listronotusbonariensis * Cyclominae: Listroderini • Steriphusvariabilis Cyclominae: Listroderini • Irenimus aemulator Entiminae: Leptopiini • Irenimus aequalis Entiminae: Leptopiini • Irenimus albosparsus Entiminae: Leptopiini • Irenimus duplex Entiminae: Leptopiini • Irenimus egens Entiminae: Leptopiini • Irenimus similis Entiminae: Leptopiini • Irenimus stolidus Entiminae: Leptopiini • Nicaeana cervina Entiminae: Leptopiini • Nicaeana cinerea Entiminae: Leptopiini • Nicaeana fraudator Entiminae: Leptopiini • Nicaeana sp. 1 Entiminae: Leptopiini • Nonnotusalbicans Entiminae: Leptopiini • Sitona lepidus * Entiminae: Sitonini • Rhinocyllus conicus * Lixinae: Cleonini • Atrichonotustaeniatulus * Entiminae: Naupactini

  25. outline • Background, case study and objectives • Natural range • Morocco • Novel range • Australia • New Zealand • How well could we predict risk for NZ? • Summary

  26. What we thought in 1970-80s • Only known hosts of M. aethiopoides in genera Sitona and Hypera • Considered to be in separate sub-families • Neither genus (or tribes) occur naturally in NZ • Requirement for quarantine testing – minimal in NZ in 1980s • Mainly weed BCAs tested • No NT attack detected

  27. What we know now • Recent phylogenetic analyses have shown that Hyperinae and Entiminae are closely related • In Europe, Hyperini cluster within the Entiminae* • Sitona and Hypera probably much more closely related than previously thought • Also in Australia, Hyperini and Entiminae are in the same clade** • In NZ and Aus the Entiminae predominantly in large southern hemisphere tribe Leptopiini • Leptopiini is poorly if at all represented in the northern hemisphere *Hundsdörfer, A.K., Rheinheimer, J. and Wink, M., 2009. Towards the phylogeny of the Curculionoidea (Coleoptera): reconstructions from mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. ZoologischerAnzeiger 248: 9–31 Gunter, Oberprieler and Cameron (in prep.)

  28. Did this case study help? • Does knowledge of natural host range always help predict host range in new areas of introduction? • Yes, it can provide a valuable contribution to risk assessment provided: • Phylogenetic relationships are well understood • The fauna of the natural and receiving range is well known • Can be assisted by knowledge of host range in other new areas of introduction

  29. outline • Background, case study and objectives • Natural range • Morocco • Novel range • Australia • New Zealand • How well could we predict risk for NZ? • Summary

  30. Summary • The combination of evidence that: • In Australia a species of Prosayleus (Entiminae: Leptopiini) was found to be a host • In NZ Leptopiini are well represented • In Morocco, Entiminae are well represented but NOT Leptopiini are scarcely (if at all) represented • Probably sufficient to suggest need for host range testing with native NZ Leptopiini • Significant NT parasitism would have been detected

  31. acknowledgements • Colleagues in AgResearch and the Research collaboration ‘Better Border Biosecurity’ • Funding: • Foundation for Research, Science and Technology • Department of Conservation

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