INTRODUCTION OZONE MONITORING ACTIVITES Dobson network Ozonesonde UV-B network RESEARCH RESULTS

1. SAWS Ozone Monitoring and Research “ For everyone, every day, until beyond O3 recovery” Gerrie Coetzee and Tshidi Machinini Doc. Ref. RES-GAW-SYMP19, Elephant Hotel , Centurion , 18-19March 2019:

2. OVERVIEW • INTRODUCTION • OZONE MONITORING ACTIVITES • Dobson network • Ozonesonde • UV-B network • RESEARCH RESULTS • WHAT THE FUTURE HOLDS

3. INTRODUCTION

4. INTRODUCTION • DEA is responsible for the RSA uphold and implementation of International Agreements:- This specifically refers to the Vienna Convention and The Montreal Protocol for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. • SAWS on the behalf of DEA is mandated to undertake research and monitoring activities of atmospheric ozone. Thus to keep check on the well being of the Ozone Layer and related environmental effects such as UV radiation.

5. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer The first treaty ever to achieve universal participation - The parties to this Protocol, being Parties to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer Essentially - CFCs take 10 - 20 years to reach the stratosphere - CFCs take 65 - 385 years to break down Kigali Amendment – 2016 targeting the phase-out of HFCs that have very high Global Warming Potential (GWP) DEA actions The Vienna Convention 1985 SAWS actions

6. Where it all started • KEY MOMENTS • Dobson 089 IGY ( 1966 - 1972) • Dobson 089 1989 ( NOAA –IRENE • Irene ozone soundings 4 June1990 • Dobson 132 Springbok 1995 • UV- Biometer Network 1990 • SANAE – SAOZ 2000-2008 • Dobson 035 Stellenbosch 2016 • WMO GAW – Cape Point 1995

7. SAWS Monitoring Network

8. DOBSON SPECTROPHOTOMETER TOTAL OZONE • Under the auspices of the WMO GAW program, the Weather Service monitors the Total Column Ozone above South Africa with three Dobson Ozone Spectrophotometers. • These instruments are located at Weather Office, Irene (since1989) , Springbok (since 1995) and Stellenbosch (since 2016). • Acknowledgement to The Dobson Operators for their endeavors ( 200 000 observations) Templ ref: PPT-ISO-colour.001 Doc Ref no:

10. Dobson Spectrophotometer - Total Column Ozone measurements at Irene. Total Column Ozone (monthly averages) measurements from Dobson Spectrophotometer #089, made at Irene Pretoria. Dobson Total Column ozone measurements at Irene. ( 90 percent of the total column resides in the stratosphere – 23km) Overall trend still slightly negative, in spite a period of positive after 2001-2009. In the subtropics it is globally still expected to record Total Column Ozone decline, although Troposphere ozone is on the increase due to pollution enhancements. Springbok record show similar trends.

11. WOUDC Data Results

12. Satellite Validation – The Dobson’s

13. The Balloon Ozone Sounding Technology GPS Satellite Antenna - 403MHz, PC with SP-Metgraph Software, Special MW31 Data Processor, Ground check Chamber, and UPS Ozone vertical profiles are obtained using electrochemical concentration cell ozonesondes (ECC) The heart of the instrument is the electrochemical cell that interfaces with a radiosonde and transmits back data signals to the ground station receiver . Detections of 1 ozone molecule gives 1 eV. and this current/signal is processed and relayed to the receiving station Package 2.0 kg launched on balloon to ~ 7 - 5 hPa ( height 33 - 35 km )

14. SAWS – Ozonesonde Vertical Profile Monitoring Vertical profile measurements of atmospheric ozone are also undertaken by Balloon Ozonesonde sounding from the Irene Weather office. ( Every Second Wednesday) These sounding retrievals gives high resolution data of the atmospheric ozone concentration from the surface to heights of 34km into the Stratosphere with 2 second interval. A vertical profile is shown below.

15. SHADOZ Collaboration

17. Annual Ozone Trends Jean Du Preez

18. A First - December 2018 SA AGULHAS II Profile near SANAE

19. SAWS UV-B Biometer Measurements • SAWS also maintains a UV-B Biometer network for public information on the harmful UV levels. - Since 1990 • Instruments not good enough for trend analyses but proves information according to UV Index levels for the Weather Forecasts. SOLAR LIGHT MODEL 501 • Data has been research by the health sector of CSIR, MEDUNSA, and the Medical Research Council and GDIR ( RSA French collaboration ) • South Africa is one of the worlds highest UV prone countries in the world due to its location and the high interior altitude. Ozone Levels becomes critically important. • NEW SOLYS2 Solar Radiation Network – with additional UV measurements

20. Maximum UV Index January 2019

21. The FUTURE WHY KEEP ON MONITORING IF THE OZONE IS RECOVERING ??? Grave new Concerns - HCFC’s and Rise of CFC-11 - an alert !

22. THE FUTURE HOLDS FOR A GLOBAL EFFORT TO REMAIN Until Full OZONE Recovery • Maintain Global and thus our SAWS efforts • Continue with infrastructure maintenance and upgrading – Dobson Digital Instrumentation, Biometers, regular ozonesonde supplies etc. • UV-B Biometer Expansion ( Springbok and Polokwane ) UV-B intercomparison of sensors and factory re-calibration (2 Units). Enhance research on our UV data. Re-establish some climatology of the UV network data . Replace 20-30 Year old Biometer data loggers. • Continue to improve overall data availability and quality - Real time data goals • In future we shall need to replace the DOBSON INSTRUMENTS – The Global Maintenance Options ( Facilities and Skills) are fast running out. Southern African Dobson Intercomparison (7 - 18 October 2019, Irene ) Participating , Kenya, DWD, NOAA, Nigeria, Seychelles and Botswana)

23. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION !The End Any support towards sustaining these valuable SAWS monitoring and research efforts of atmospheric monitoring are most welcome ! Gerrie.Coetzee@weathersa.co Invest in the future of our planet and its inhabitants!