POSTURE AND BALANCE

1. POSTURE AND BALANCE

2. POSTURAL MECHANISMS Motor Control Limb Movement Postural Disturbance Feedback Commands (learned and reflexive) Postural Adjustment Feedforward Commands (planned, learned)

3. VPL, Post. N. S L M I SIGNALS OF POSTURAL DISTURBANCE Cutaneous and Proprioceptive Visual Vestibular

4. FEEDFORWARD CONTROLS • Learned • Incorporated into motor behaviors • Improved by practice • Predicted scaled adjustments of axial • and proximal limb muscles • Precede and accompany movement

5. FEEDFORWARD CONTROLS

6. VESTIBULAR RETICULAR

8. POSTURAL MECHANISMS Motor Control Limb Movement Postural Disturbance Feedback Commands (learned and reflexive) Postural Adjustment Feedforward Commands (planned, learned)

9. FEEDBACK CONTROLS • Signals of Postural Disturbance • Cutaneous and Proprioceptive • Vestibular* • Visual*

10. FEEDBACK CONTROLS • Postural Corrections • Learned responses • Gradient of correction behavior* • Reflexive responses • Balancing behavior* • Falling behavior*

11. FEEDBACK CONTROLS Vestibular and Neck Reflexes Are Subject To The Context Of The Motor Behavior REFLEXTARGETMOTOR BEHAVIOR BALANCINGFALLING Cervico-collic Neck++ Vestibulo-collic Neck+ + Vestibulo-spinalBody- + Cervico-spinalBody+-

12. VESTIBULAR RETICULAR