HOW DOES THIS ENERGY MOVE?

HOW DOES THIS ENERGY MOVE? Vertical and Horizontal Movements Within the Troposphere and Global Pressure Belts. This is when we start putting the pieces together!

P = R. ρ. T North Pole 2 2 Tropopause 1 South Pole

P = R. ρ. T North Pole 2 2 Tropopause 1 Initially both at sea-level So, P1 = P2 and ρ1. T1=ρ2. T2 South Pole

P = R. ρ. T North Pole 2 2 Tropopause 1 1 is warmer than 2 (insolation – sensible) So, P1 = P2 but ρ1. T1↑=ρ2. T2↓ South Pole

P = R. ρ. T North Pole 2 2 Tropopause 1 South Pole For P1 = P2 remain true ρ1↓. T1↑=ρ2↑. T2↓ Density of 1 less than 2

P = R. ρ. T North Pole 2 2 Tropopause 1 South Pole What happens to warm less dense air?

P = R. ρ. T North Pole 2 2 Tropopause 1 South Pole What is happening to the temperature of the air around 1 as it ascends?

P = R. ρ. T North Pole 2 2 ? Tropopause 1 ? Now comparison at elevation So, P1 = P? and ρ1. T1=ρ?. T? How does ρ1 compare to ρ? ? What happens to 1? South Pole

P = R. ρ. T North Pole 2 2 Tropopause 1 Why will 1 stop rising as it reaches the tropopause? South Pole

Sir Edmund Halley (of comet fame) COOLING Transfer towards poles North Pole WARMING Transfer “cold” to equator 2 Tropopause South Pole

Sir Edmund forgot The rotation of the Earth Even if hurricane force N-S 100 km p h (75 mph) North Pole North Tropopause South South Pole

Sir Edmund forgot The rotation of the Earth Even if hurricane force N-S 100 km p h (75 mph) North Pole North Tropopause South Earth’s Rotation 1500-1800 km.p.h. (900-1000 mph) In tropics South Pole

How do we know that atmosphere spins at roughly same W-E linear velocity as Earth?

To scale

Total Distances North: 500 miles East: 5000 miles In troposphere 5025 miles 5025 miles

North Pole Hadley Cell 30°N Tropopause 0° Hadley Cell 30°S South Pole

Frigid Polar Air North Pole Hadley Cell 30°N Tropopause 0° Hadley Cell 30°S South Pole Frigid Polar Air

Frigid Polar Air 45-60°N Hadley Cell 30°N Tropopause 0° Hadley Cell 30°S For Psubtropical = Ppolar to remain true: ρ1 ↓. T1↑=ρ2 ↑. T2 ↓ Density of subtropical less than polar. 45-60°S Frigid Polar Air

Frigid Polar Air 45-60°N Planetary Front Hadley Cell 30°N Tropopause 0° Hadley Cell 30°S Warmer sub-tropical air rises above colder Polar air. Mechanical lifting along “Planetary Front” – 45-60° Planetary Front 45-60°S Frigid Polar Air

Frigid Polar Air 45-60°N Planetary Front Hadley Cell 30°N Tropopause 0° Hadley Cell 30°S Planetary Front 45-60°S Frigid Polar Air

Polar Cell Ferrel Cell Frigid Polar Air 45-60°N Planetary Front Hadley Cell 30°N Tropopause 0° Hadley Cell 30°S Planetary Front 45-60°S Ferrel Cell Polar Cell Frigid Polar Air

Turbulent mixing and incorporation of Polar Air Frigid Polar Air INDIRECT CELL 45-60°N 30°N Tropopause 0° 30°S 45-60°S INDIRECT CELL Frigid Polar Air Turbulent mixing and incorporation of Polar Air

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What is Atmospheric Pressure at the Equator? 45-60°N 30°N Tropopause 0° 30°S 45-60°S

What is Atmospheric Pressure at 30°? 45-60°N 30°N Tropopause LOW LOW LOW 0° 30°S 45-60°S

What is Atmospheric Pressure at 45-60°? 45-60°N HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°N Tropopause LOW LOW LOW 0° 30°S HIGH HIGH HIGH 45-60°S

What is Atmospheric Pressure at the Poles? 45-60°N LOW LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°N Tropopause LOW LOW LOW 0° 30°S HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW LOW 45-60°S

GLOBAL SURFACE PRESSURE BELTS HIGH 45-60°N LOW LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°N Tropopause LOW LOW LOW 0° 30°S HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW LOW 45-60°S HIGH

GLOBAL SURFACE PRESSURE GRADIENTS. HIGH→LOW HIGH 45-60°N LOW LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH 30°N Tropopause LOW LOW LOW 0° 30°S HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW LOW 45-60°S HIGH

HOW DOES THIS ENERGY MOVE?