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The RESPIRATORY System

The RESPIRATORY System. Functions of the Respiratory System. Provides structures and mechanisms for gas exchange Intake of O 2 Elimination of CO 2 Helps maintains body’s pH. Respiration. The exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells

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The RESPIRATORY System

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  1. The RESPIRATORY System

  2. Functions of the Respiratory System • Provides structures and mechanisms for gas exchange • Intake of O2 • Elimination of CO2 • Helps maintains body’s pH

  3. Respiration • The exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells • Pulmonary Ventilation - the exchange of air between the atmosphere and lungs • External (Pulmonary) Respiration - gas exchange between the lungs and blood • Internal (Tissue) Respiration - gas exchange between the blood and cells

  4. Organs of the Respiratory System • Nose • Pharynx • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchi • Lungs

  5. Respiratory System

  6. Respiratory Structures

  7. Nose • External Portion • Supporting bony framework • Cartilage - Skin • Mucous membranes • Nostrils or external nares • Internal Portion - large cavity within the skull • Connects the external nose to the pharynx through two openings (Internal Nares)

  8. External Nose Structures

  9. Nose • Nasal Cavity - large cavity that contains both the external and internal nose cavities • divided into the right and left sides by the NASAL SEPTUM

  10. Internal Nose Structures

  11. Functions of the Nose • Warming, moisturizing and filtering incoming air • Smell (reception of olfactory stimulus) • Resonating chamber for speech

  12. Pharynx • Funnel-shaped tube about 13 cm long • Extends from the internal nares down to the cricoid cartilage of the larynx • Walls composed of skeletal muscle lined with a mucous membrane • Divided into three areas • Nasopharynx • Oropharynx • Laryngopharynx

  13. Regions of the Pharynx

  14. Functions of the Pharynx • Passageway for food and air • Resonating chamber for speech

  15. Larynx (Voice Box) • A short passageway that connects the pharynx with the trachea • Walls of the larynx is composed of 9 pieces if cartilage • Three single pieces of cartilage • epiglottic cartilage (Epiglottis) • thyroid cartilage (Adam’s Apple) • cricoid cartilage (attaches the Larynx to the Trachea) • Three paired pieces of cartilage • arytenoid - corniculate - cuneiform

  16. Larynx Structures

  17. Epiglottis • Large leaf-shaped piece of cartilage lying on top of the larynx • The stem of the epiglottic cartilage is attached to the thyroid cartilage • Leaf portion of the cartilage is unattached and acts like a trap door covering the opening to the trachea which is called the glottis. • Dependent upon breathing or swallowing

  18. Epiglottis

  19. Glottis • The opening from the pharynx to the larynx that contains the vocal cords • Vocal Cords - mucous membrane folds that extend across the glottis in two layers • upper layer or folds - false vocal folds • lower layer or folds - true vocal folds • Sounds originate from vibration of these true vocal cords

  20. Glottis and Vocal Cords

  21. Trachea • Tubular passageway about 12 cm long and 2.54 cm in diameter • Anterior to the esophagus • Extends from the larynx to about the 5th thoracic vertebrae • Composed of 16 - 20 C-shaped cartilage rings stacked upon one another • Hyaline cartilage rings • Covers the anterior and lateral walls

  22. Trachea and Esophagus

  23. Trachea • Non-cartilaginous posterior softer portion of the trachea allows for expansion of the esophagus during swallowing • Lined with ciliated epithelium • The point where the trachea bifurcates is called the carina • About the 5th thoracic vertebrae

  24. Bronchi • Tubes that branch off of the trachea at the carina and extend into the lungs • Left Primary Bronchus (Left Mainstem Bronchus) • Right Primary Bronchus (Right Mainstem Bronchus) • Shorter and more vertical • Swallowed objects more likely to lodge in the right primary bronchus than the left

  25. Bronchi • Also composed of cartilaginous rings • Continue branching as they enter the lungs into a structure called the bronchial tree • Trachea -Mainstem (Primary) Bronchi - Secondary (Lobar) Bronchi - Segmental (Tertiary) Bronchi - Terminal Bronchioles - Respiratory Bronchioles - Alveolar Ducts

  26. Bronchial Tree

  27. Lungs • Paired - cone shaped organs that occupy most of the thoracic cavity • Separated from each other by the heart and other structures of the mediastinum • Surrounded by a double layered serous membrane called the pleural membrane

  28. Left Lung

  29. Pleural Membrane • Parietal Pleura - outer layer of the pleural membrane • Attached to the thoracic wall • Visceral Pleura - inner layer of the pleural membrane • Attached to the lungs themselves • Between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura is a potential space called the pleural cavity • Contains pleural (serous) fluid (reduces friction)

  30. Gross Anatomy of the Lungs • Extend from the diaphragm to an area about 2.54 cm above the clavicles on both sides of the thoracic cavity • Base • Apex • Hilus • Costal Surface • Mediastinal Surface • Cardiac Notch

  31. Lobes and Fissures • each Lung is divided into lobes by one or more fissures • Oblique Fissure (both Lungs) • Horizontal Fissure (Right Lung only) • Superior Lobe • Inferior Lobe • Middle Lobe (Right Lung only)

  32. Lungs

  33. Alveoli • A cup shaped out pouching of epithelial tissue • Place where external respiration occurs (gas exchange between the lungs and the blood) • Lungs contain 300 - 500 million alveoli • Surface area of about 750 sq. ft. • The size of a Tennis Court

  34. Alveoli

  35. Physiology of Ventilation • Ventilation - the process of inhaling and exhaling air in and out of the lungs • Pulmonary Ventilation - the process by which air flows between the lungs and the external environment • Due to a change in pressure between the atmosphere and the air in the lungs

  36. Physiology of Ventilation

  37. Inspiration (Inhalation) • Bringing air into the lungs from the external environment • The lungs themselves contain no muscles and thus depend upon the relationship with the muscles of the walls of the thoracic cavity to alter lung volumes

  38. Ventilation

  39. Muscles of Ventilation

  40. Expiration (Exhalation) • Movement of air from the lungs to the external environment • Normally a passive process (no energy or muscular contractions required) • Dependent upon muscle and lung elasticity • May become active during high levels of physical activity • Most people require ventilation rates above 55% - 65% of their vital capacity for expiration to become active

  41. Spirometry • The process of measuring lung volumes and rates of air exchange between the lungs and the external environment • Values will vary depending upon: • age - gender - size (height)

  42. Lung Parameters • Tidal Volume (TV) - 500 ml - volume of air moved in and out of the lungs during breathing • Vital Capacity (VC) - 4500 ml - maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest possible inhalation VC - TV + IRV + ERV

  43. Spirometry

  44. Physiology of Respiration

  45. Respiratory Center

  46. Chemical Stimuli • Determines how fast and how deeply an individual breathes • Very sensitive to the levels of CO2 and H+ ion concentration in the blood • Monitored by chemoreceptors at: • carotid arteries, aorta, and the medulla oblongata.

  47. VentilatoryHomeostasis

  48. RESPIRATORY DISORDERS AND HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES

  49. Bronchiogenic Carcinoma(Lung Cancer) • Most fatal cancer in the U.S. • Highly metastatic • Usually linked with cigarette smoking • Starts in the walls of the bronchi due to irritation of the bronchiole epithelium • Common irritants include smoking, pollution, dust particles • 20 times more prevalent in smokers than non- smokers

  50. Emphysema • “Blown up or full of air” • A condition where the alveolar walls lose their elasticity and remain filled with air during expiration • Alveoli become damaged and eventually merge together to form large air sacs with reduced overall volume • Patients often develop a barrel chest • Generally caused by cigarettes, pollution, industrial dust particles

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