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Neutrino Oscillations with Beams and Reactors :

Neutrino Oscillations with Beams and Reactors :. N ear and Far Future. (is there a clear path towards future ?). Luca Stanco – INFN Padova. Here is our START and END point :. the lepton mixing. W hy, how, which. In 1998 new history for neutrino begins (as a second life) :

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Neutrino Oscillations with Beams and Reactors :

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  1. Neutrino Oscillations with Beams and Reactors: Near and Far Future (is there a clear path towards future ?) Luca Stanco – INFN Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  2. Here is our START and END point: the lepton mixing Why, how, which In 1998 new history for neutrino begins (as a second life) : - Neutrinos oscillate*(SK and afterwords SNO, K2K …): they own masses - Neutrinos mix themselves (CHOOZ and afterwords KamLAND …): MNS matrix * 41 years after Pontecorvo idea on oscillations in 1957 Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  3. CHOOZ looked for ne ≈ nm oscillations Mainly after KamLAND… re-interpretation of Chooz result in terms of oscillations of Mass eigenstates Gauge eigenstates Mass eigenstates PLB 420 (1998) 397 Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata (1962) Lepton mixing arranged (and quark mixing in 1963 by Cabibbo) Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  4. Standard parametrization of Mixing matrix via 3 Euler rotations Message: leptons and quarks mix in a similar way 1) Phase d violates CP and 2) so phases a1,a2 in Majorana picture 3) Matrix unitarity if no sterile neutrino BUT with 3 BIG questions : Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  5. ≈≈≈Oscillations≈≈≈ Dm122=7.5*10-5 eV2 “solar” frequency Dm232=2.5*10-3 eV2 “atmospheric” frequency SK, K2K/Minos, SNO, KamLand YES (they see oscillations) Chooz NO (it did not see anything because S12 ≈ 0 and q13 too small) Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  6. Searching of disappearance: q13 measurements from Reactors suffer from Dm23 correlations Wonderful KamLAND 2008 Results S. Abe et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 221803(2008) Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  7. Masses Mixing Lepton Mixing is weird What does all that means ? Is there any meaning at all ? (more than those for cabalistes) e.g. Quark-Lepton Complementarity: ql12+qq12≈p/4 and ql23+qq23≈p/4 UMNS=UbmU+KM (QLCl) or UMNS=U+KM Ubm (QLCn) Ubm stands for QL symmetry or GUT Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  8. However…. What is presently known of MNS matrix: sin22q23=1.02±0.05 tan2q13=0.47±0.6 sin22q13 from fits (or <0.15@Dm223=2.5*10-3eV2, 90% C.L.) (Dm23)2=2.4±0.13*10-3eV2 (dm13)2=7.59±0.21*10-5 eV2 q13<11.40 q13=8.60 and sinq13=0.15 Rather poor resolutions still… e-m triangle Look at unitarities of Kobayashi-Maskawa !! (from PDG06) Y.Farzan in 0710.4947 (ISS report) Message: leptons mixing matrix poorly known … Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  9. …some kind of outline… Katrin, Mare, Carlsberg… CUORE-GERDA, NEMO3, EXO SNO+,… J-PARC Double-Chooz Daya Bay Reno … Mass and Majorana/Dirac q13 SuperBeam: JPARC(T2HK) Dusel dCP Hierarchy Beta-Beam Neutrino Factory PHYSICS and theory where is it ? Waiting for LHC inputs… EXPERIMENTS Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  10. energy frontier cosmic frontier intensity frontier  Zhi-Zhong-Xing at ICHEP08: Neutrino Theory Concluding Remarks Concluding Remarks by ★We have known a lot about the properties of 3 known ’s, but we have not seen a convincing (quantitative and predictive) theory of -mass. ★We need newtheoretical guiding principles, so as to solve the uniqueness problem of model building. in new words: Experimental QLC (Quark-Lepton Complementarity) said in another words: WE NEED MORE EXPERIMENTAL INPUTS !!! thinking positive: NEUTRINO MNS RESULTS COMPLEMENTARY TO LHC !!! ★We hope that the LHC will tell us much more behind 3 known ’s (new particles; symmetries; …….) Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  11. MINOS near future !!! see later talk by Jeff de Jong Luca Stanco - Padova Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Eilat 2008 11

  12. …and wait for t appearance in OPERA !!! See later talk by Alessandra Pastore 1998 SK atmospheric neutrino anomaly: deficit of μ ( and not e) with zenith angle dependence: OSCILLATION !!! CHOOZ: final flavour not e ... Much more interesting NOT to see the tau’s 1999 CNGS beam design 2000 DONUT “sees” the  in the nuclear emulsions provide an unambiguous evidence for μ→oscillation in the region of atmospheric neutrinos by looking forappearance in a pure μ beam 2000 OPERA proposal 12 Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  13. Example for 3 flavour Oscillation probability ! AND FORGET THEORISTS… sin2(2q13) sin2(2q12) Dm213 Dm212 Double-Chooz/Daya Bay Kamland ! “recent fit ≈ 70 Imperative to measure q13 ! Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  14. T2K NOvA with (almost) Near future. (almost) Assured. Beams: may be… q13=7.10 q13=5.10 q13=3.00 Move “reality” 2 degrees forward… q13=4.20 q13=4.50 Reactors Neutrino superbeams Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  15. GETTING to sin22q13 < 0.01 with reactors Statistics: - longer Data Taking - more powerful reactors - more massive detectors Suppress cosmics BG: - go deeper underground Systematics: - more than 1 detector - near detector to reduce reactor flux uncertainty CALIBRATION CALIBRATION CALIBRATION… 0.1 0.01 swapping/no-swapping ?? Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008 Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  16. ν ν ν ν 1051 m 380 m ν ν ν ν Next(near) generation experiments at Reactors Daya Bay Double-Chooz France 8.7 GW 2 detectors at surface Stat.err. 0.5% Syst.err. 0.3% Phase-I: >0.06 Phase-II: >0.03 From 2009… China 11.6 GW 3 sites underground Stat.err. 0.2% Syst.err. 0.38% .. up to 0.18% Phase-I: >0.03 Phase-II: >0.01 From 2010… q13>2.90 see next talk by David Jaffe RENO, ANGRA... (when ?) Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  17. in KOREA Comparison of Reactor Neutrino Experiments RENO Korea, 16.4 GW, 1 detector, Underground, Stat.err. small, Syst.err. < 0.5%, sin22q13 (phase-I: >0.03, phase-II: >0.015) From ≈ 2010 Small collaboration, trying to enlarge it… Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  18. monitor (beam direction and intensity) Same spectrum as SK, BG measurement n energy spectrum and intensity The first Super-Beam: off-axis T2K, from Tokai to SK WONDERFUL ! EXCITING !! GREAT !!! Start next year END OF THE STORY ? May be NOT, may be (almost) YES Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  19. T2K project very well on schedule And CP measurement may be possible with E/L …just money… Less than 2 years from now… T2HK/T2KK next generation projects Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  20. statistics…. CP more observations/data with different n interactions WHAT BE MISSING ? Japan Europe USA SUPER-BEAMS Traditional but achievable (tecnology and money) Big effort studies in Europe Possible (might be on financial side) BETA-BEAMS Neutrino-Factories Impossible ? Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  21. YES ! more than q13… mass hierarchy ! 810km ne/ne appearance start about 2013 ?? 30kt liquid Scintillator detector NUMI beam with 6.5 x 1020 pot/yr With a new Proton Driver, 25 x 1020 pot/yr Superbeam ! 14mrad off-axis Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  22. Very detailed studies, e.g. on systematics q13=5.00 q13=2.90 q13=0.90 M.Mezzetto at NUFACT08 Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  23. Lepton CPViolation search Lepton CP Violation luminosity q13=5.00 MegaTon detector M.Mezzetto at NUFACT08 Hard life but life Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  24. INDIAN Neutrino Observatory as a long baseline detector Location of INO Magic Baseline (for the golden channel e-m: very low CP dependence, some degeneracies vanish) n*50Kton of Magnetized Iron with gRPC Funded (150 M$) only “in principle”… Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  25. MODULAr (under Gran Sasso): a dream among others… • improve CNGS flux of some factors • relatively simple target upgrade at CERN • build a new off-axis laboratory under GS • exploit actul reliable R&D of Liquid-Argon-TPC • tecnique to build n*5 Kton detectors Few GeV beam for nmne searches Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  26. What we need are: data results Data results Data results From Neutrino-08 conference, Neutrino Papers in 2006-2008 with little money in a short time Think to small upgrades Perhaps too few experimental results… ops… here is the usual idea… Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  27. CERN upgrades of accelerators system CERN DG on October 3rd, 2008 SPS + LINAC4 + SPL + PS2 Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  28. Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  29. BETA-BEAMS: CERN can be a good place for target proton Isotope (radioactive) isotope* + e+ +ne (P. Zucchelli: Phys. Lett. B532:166, 2002) Ion source Acceleration Storage ne Main drawback: q/m << q/mm… we mainly work with low-energy neutrinos (sub GeV if we use 18Ne, 6He and the SPS as terminal booster)  Higher Q2 ions: C.Rubbia et al. NIM A568 (2006) Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  30. Thinking BIG… Too MUCH big ?? Too MUCH far away… Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  31. From (n)Super-Beams to SuperProtonLinac and Beta-Beam….. my preferred solution: WAIT AND WATCH for q13… and LHC results… Campagne, Maltoni, Mezzetto, Schwetz, JHEP 0704 (2007) 3 Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  32. REAL life TARGET limitations of CNGS * E.Gschwendtner et al., La Thuile 2007 * In front of an achivable 2.4*1020 pot/year with LINAR4+SPL+PS2 Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  33. TBID 2.7m 43.4m 100m 1095m 18m 5m 67m 5m CNGS Secondary Beam Line Upgrade CNGS with mMRD (mini Muon Ring Decay): At (suppose) 1% total efficiency: m+ e+ + nm + ne • Air cooled graphite target magazine • 4 in situ spares • 2.7 interaction lengths • Target table movable horizontally/vertically for alignment • TBID multiplicity detector • 2 horns (horn and reflector) • Water cooled, pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150/180kA, 0.3Hz, remote polarity change possible • Decay pipe: • 1000m, diameter 2.45m, 1mbar vacuum • Hadron absorber: • Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons • 2 muon monitor stations: muon fluxes and profiles ? • We may look for: • checkpossibleneoscillations * • evaluatenm/neratio at momentumrangeabout 1-7 GeV • more nm ≈ ntoscillations (from source at lower energy**) ? ? ? ? Is it possible to collect/collimate muons companions of nm beam, as a sort of miniMUON factory ? L. Stanco, S. Dusini, M. Mezzetto (Padova), working study in progress Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  34. Conclusions • Neutrinos mass and oscillations new history • (many results in last 10 years but still far from settling them) • Matrix of leptonic mixingclue issue • MNS elements:more measurements, better resolutions... • q13driven measurement for NEAR future • BIG “question mark” to follow CP • side researches: absolutes masses, MAJORANA • Experimental QLC: Neutrino’s fairly complement to LHC NEXT few years exciting (and unclear)! FAR future does not really exist out of … present (almost funded) facilities (pessimistic/conservative view) Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  35. Backup Slides Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  36. Reactorneoscillations Reactornedisappearance unambiguous measurement of sin2q13 Osc.Prob (integr. over E) vs L Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  37. for maximal atmospheric mixing with Dm2≈2,5•10-3 eV2 Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  38. Work in progress … Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

  39. Beta beam: P. Zucchelli: Phys. Lett. B532:166, 2002 Neutrino Oscillations from B&R: far&near future, Miami 2008

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