The Application of Isonymic Analysis to Historical Data: Irish Migration to Britain, 1851-1901

1. The Application of Isonymic Analysis to Historical Data: Irish Migration to Britain, 1851-1901 M.T. Smith1, A.C. Hepburn2, D.M. MacRaild3 1 Dept. of Anthropology, University of Durham, UK 2 School of Arts, Design, Media and Culture, University of Sunderland, UK 3 School of Humanities, University of Northumbria, UK

2. Overview • An introduction to isonymy • Illustrative Case studies • Surnames and occupation • Surnames and religion • Spatial distribution of surnames • Irish migration to Northern England • Population structure of Ireland • Population structure of Irish in England

3. Isonymy Methods • G H Darwin (1875) • Marital Isonymy (Crow and Mange, 1965) • Random Isonymy (Morton 1973, Lasker 1977, Relethford 1988) • Isonymy treats surnames as if they were strictly inherited, like genes. Because they are passed in the male line, surnames behave like genes on the Y chromosome. • Assumption that all bearers of a surname are descended from a shared common ancestor – this assumption is often untrue

4. Darwin pedigree Elizabeth Erasmus Mary Josiah Sarah John Bartlett Elizabeth Pole Darwin Howard Wedgwood Wedgwood Allen Hensleigh Samuel Frances Robert Waring Susannah Josiah II Elizabeth John Jane James Catherine Galton Darwin Macintosh 0.0625 0.0625 0.0625 0.125 Hensleigh Frances Francis Caroline Sarah Josiah III Charles Emma Henry Jessie Galton Horace George Howard Francis Charles Galton Richard Darwin Horace Basil Keynes Barlow

5. Y-chromosome inheritance The pattern of surname transmission in England and many other countries, mimics the inheritance of the Y chromosome

6. Staithes Runswick Hinderwell Robin Hoods Bay Introduction to isonymy through North Yorkshire coastal parishes

7. In local populations surname frequencies have a characteristic skewed distribution Many more surnames occur only once

8. with a few names repeated several times, and many occurring only once or twice

9. The coefficient of relationship by isonymy Ri devised by Gabriel Lasker (1977) is calculated between a pair of populations Ri = ΣpiA.piB/2 where piA is the relative frequency of the ith surname in population A and piB is the frequency of that surname in population B

10. Relationships by isonymy between pairs of places, North Yorkshire Coast,1851

11. Relationships by isonymy between pairs of places, North Yorkshire Coast,1851 Staithes and Runswick – next door neighbours but without much in common

12. Relationships by isonymy between pairs of places, North Yorkshire Coast,1851 data matrix is difficult to make sense of Staithes and Runswick – next door neighbours but without much in common

13. “Map” of relationships between pairs of places, North Yorkshire Coast,1851 done using SPSS Alscal procedure

14. Case Studies • Selsey, Sussex • gives a feel for the method • Fylingdales, North Yorkshire • occupation and surnames • Ards Peninsula, County Down • Geographical distance and surnames, also settlement history, religion and occupation • Origins of 19 C Irish migrants to Britain • a substantive research question posed by historians

15. Selsey Peninsula, West Sussex Occupational groups include farmers, agricultural labourers, fishermen, others (tradesmen, craftsmen, and professionals) and coastguards Coastguards were short-term postings, usually of outsiders, ‘foreigners’ in the eyes of the local community

16. farmers ag labs fishermen others coastguards Relationship by isonymy between occupational groups, Selsey 1841-1881, all years combined

17. Relationship by isonymy between occupational groups, Selsey 1841-1881, each year separate farmers ag labs fishermen others coastguards

18. Relationship by isonymy between occupational groups, Selsey 1841-1881, tracing change through time 8 4 farmers ag labs 8 fishermen 4 others 4 coastguards 8 4 8 4 8 8 4

19. Relationship by isonymy between occupational groups, Fylingdales 1841-1881, tracing change through time 4 8 shipowners fishermen 4 4 mariners 8 8 4 8 farmers 8 4 ag labs 4 8 8 others 4

20. The Ards Peninsula, Co. Down This example shows the influence of distance, settlement history, religious persuasion and occupation on surname distributions The Ards was settled in the 12 C by Anglo-Normans led by Hugh de Courcy 17 C plantation by English and in particular Scots Presbyterian settlers in the north of the peninsula

21. Scrabo Tower, Ards Peninsula

22. Ards Peninsula: relationship by isonymy, marriage registers, 1840-1910. Roman Catholic Episcopalian Presbyterian

23. Population structure of Ards Peninsula • Surnames reflect settlement history, geographical distance and religion • Why is Portavogie different?

24. Population structure of Ards Peninsula • Surnames reflect settlement history, geographical distance and religion • Why is Portavogie different? Portavogie was a fishing village, with continuing links to the Scottish coast

25. Population structure of Ards Peninsula • Why is Portavogie different? Portavogie was a fishing village, with continuing links to the Scottish coast • Little or no emigration or immigration has taken place … Surnames are scare; Palmers can be counted by the score; Adairs, Mahoods, Cullys, Hughes, and Coffeys by the dozen: a fact to some extent accounted for by the tendency to intermarry. The young men seldom venture outside the limits of the village in their search for a wife; hence a strong family likeness prevails … • (Belfast News Letter 26 October 1885 Portavogie and its Fishermen)

26. North Yorkshire coast 1851-1881 • Population structure partly determined by isolation-by-distance • Maritime communities more stable than land-based communities • Maritime communities more isolated from each other

27. 4 3.5 Sc5 R5 Sc8 3 St8 R8 2.5 St5 Fi5 Fi8 2 H8 H5 1.5 W8 1 W5 Fy8 Fy5 0.5 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 Isonymic relationships between North Yorkshire coastal populations, 1851-1881.

28. The Irish in Britain, 1881: where are they from?

29. The origins of Irish migrants to northern England (1) Population structure of Ireland in the mid nineteenth century (2) Population structure of Irish-born migrants to northern England at the 1881 Census

30. Population structure of Ireland in the mid nineteenth century Study Aims • Elucidate the historical population structure of Ireland by isonymy • Is isonymy between populations consistent with geographical distance? • Do administrative divisions constrain surname distributions?

31. Griffiths Valuation as a source of Irish historical demographic data • No 19th Century censuses survive • Griffiths Valuation 1848-64 • Index of tenants, i.e. household heads for every property • Problem with tenants having more than one property • Sampled only one forename/surname combination per parish

32. Griffiths Valuation national sample Random 10% sample from each county Sampled to minimise tenancy duplication problem Method gave 84,100 named individuals for analysis Resulting matrix of relationships between counties displayed as a 2-D map by MDS

33. MDS plot of isonymic relationships between counties R2 = .922

34. MDS plot of isonymic relationships between counties • Surname distributions between counties closely matched to geography • Between Provinces • Within Provinces • Why are Munster counties so close and Ulster counties so dispersed? • Settlement differences, Ulster Plantation, demic expansion in Munster

35. Do administrative boundaries constrain surname distributions? • Between-county vs within-county contiguous parish pairs for ancient province of Ulster Hypothesis that relationship within counties will be greater than relationship across county boundaries Mean R within counties = 0.00388 Mean R between counties = 0.00266 One tail T-test, p = .01 2. Parish Transect

36. Parish transect MDS plot of isonymic relationship between transect parishes R2 = .440

37. Conclusions • Isonymy consistent with isolation by distance country-wide • Some evidence that administrative boundaries – county and provincial – may constrain surname distributions • Distribution of Norse-derived surnames does not help explain earlier studies of population structure

38. Irish migrants to Northern England in the late nineteenth centuryStudy Aims • Explore the population structure of Irish migrant communities in northern England by isonymy • Did Irish and English control populations show isolation by distance or other relationships to geography? • What caused Irish populations in England to be geographically structured?

39. Data Sources and Samples • 1881 Census of England and Wales* • Cumberland, Co. Durham, Northumberland • Isonymy sampling – Irish-born male heads of household, male boarders and male lodgers – 33,625 • English controls, equivalent, born in residing parish or adjacent parishes – 29,630 • Limited information on county of birth of Irish will be used to interpret findings *Enhanced version of LDS transcription from AHDS History

40. Parishes included in isonymy analysis Criteria for parish selection: Represent each County Isonymy sample must be >100

41. Isonymy by distance, 1881 Census

42. MDS plot of isonymy between English control samples, 1881 Census 1 Carlise 2 Cleator 3 Cockermouth 4 Crosscanonby 5 Dearham 6 Egremont 7 Harrington 8 Millom 9 Preston Quarter 10 Whitehaven 11 Wigton 12 Workington 13 Benfieldside 14 Birtley 15 Bishop Auckland 16 Bishopwearmouth 17 Conside & Knitsley 18 Crook &Billy Row 19 Darlington 20 Dawdon 21 Durham 22 Gateshead 23 Hartlepool 24 Jarrow 25 Hetton-Le-Hole 26 Heworth 27 Houghton-Le -Spring 28 South Shields 29 Southwick 30 Stockton- On-Tees 31 Sunderland 32 Tanfield 33 Westoe 34 Wingate 35 Winlaton 36 Witton Gilbert 37 Wolsingham 38 Alnwick 39 Bedlington 40 Hexham 41 Longbenton 42 Morpeth 43 Newcastle All Sts 44 Newcastle St Andrew 45 North Shields 46 Tynemouth 47 Wallsend 48 Westgate RSQ = .250

43. MDS plot of isonymy between Irish samples, 1881 Census 1 Carlise 2 Cleator 3 Cockermouth 4 Crosscanonby 5 Dearham 6 Egremont 7 Harrington 8 Millom 9 Preston Quarter 10 Whitehaven 11 Wigton 12 Workington 13 Benfieldside 14 Birtley 15 Bishop Auckland 16 Bishopwearmouth 17 Conside & Knitsley 18 Crook &Billy Row 19 Darlington 20 Dawdon 21 Durham 22 Gateshead 23 Hartlepool 24 Jarrow 25 Hetton-Le-Hole 26 Heworth 27 Houghton-Le -Spring 28 South Shields 29 Southwick 30 Stockton- On-Tees 31 Sunderland 32 Tanfield 33 Westoe 34 Wingate 35 Winlaton 36 Witton Gilbert 37 Wolsingham 38 Alnwick 39 Bedlington 40 Hexham 41 Longbenton 42 Morpeth 43 Newcastle All Sts 44 Newcastle St Andrew 45 North Shields 46 Tynemouth 47 Wallsend 48 Westgate RSQ = .244

44. Factors influencing settlement Transport routes

45. Factors influencing settlement Transport routes Chain migration

46. Factors influencing settlement Transport routes Chain migration • Family-based

47. Factors influencing settlement Transport routes Chain migration • Family-based • Community-based

48. Factors influencing settlement Transport routes Chain migration • Family-based • Community-based Sectarian issues

49. Factors influencing settlement Transport routes Chain migration • Family-based • Community-based Sectarian issues • Protestant shipyard workers from Belfast go to Clydeside, then to Tyneside

50. Factors influencing settlement Transport routes Chain migration • Family-based • Community-based Sectarian issues • Protestant shipyard workers from Belfast go to Clydeside, then to Tyneside • Roman Catholic Churches, Orange Order and other societies