Review for Unit Three Test

1. Review for Unit Three Test

2. The Constitution • Set up a framework for government, but didn’t predict or endorse parties, a cabinet, or term limits. • Initially removed direct public influence through establishment of the Electoral College and the Indirect Election of Senators • Written largely by James Madison, “The Father of the U.S. Constitution.”

3. Ratification • Federalist Papers were meant to influence the NY legislature • People were concerned about minority rights, and the Federalist Papers argued that a large country could best protect a minority • Required 9 states to ratify, but the large states were necessary for stability and strength.

4. Early Actions of the U.S. Government • Bill of Rights—know basics (assembly, speech, religion, press, weapons, search & seizure) • Tariffs to raise revenue • Establish a “state department” for dealing with other countries • Organization of courts

5. Hamilton’s Financial Plan • Pay for the national debt • Tax liquor (excise taxes) • Create Bank of the U.S. • Assume state debts • Establish some tariffs • Pay war bonds, even if not the best deal for soldiers Popular with business people; less popular with farmers and bankers.

6. Slavery in the U.S. during early Republic • Slaveholders became fearful of revolts after Haitian slave revolts

7. Diplomatic Events Under Washington • Proclamation of Neutrality • Jay’s Treaty • Pinckney’s Treaty

8. Proclamation of Neutrality • Issued in response to French wanting the U.S. to back them in their conflicts with Britain • Backed by Hamilton; opposed by Jefferson. • French felt the U.S. owed this to them for support in Revolutionary War. • Treaty of Alliance from Revolutionary War was still in effect.

9. Jay’s Treaty • Intended to end impressment • Did not mention ship issues • Actually ended British occupation of forts in the “west” • Unpopular in U.S. once made known

10. Pinckney’s Treaty • Gave unrestricted access to the port of New Orleans • Did not require U.S. to pay a duty/tariff to use New Orleans • Opened the “west” with easy access to markets via the Mississippi

11. Washington’s Farewell Address • Called political parties “factions” and recommended against them • Disapproved of permanent alliances with other countries • Washington’s self-imposed two term limit was a precedent kept for almost 150 years

12. John Adams’ Presidency • XYZ Affair: --Showed Adams/U.S. couldn’t be bribed --Gave popular lift to Adams • Alien and Sedition Acts --Very negative issue for Adams --spawned the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

13. Alien and Sedition Acts • Aimed at newspaper publishers • KY and VA Resolutions were response, saying that only the states could decide if the U.S. Congress passed something that was unconstitutional

14. Election of 1800 • Adams’ “midnight appointments” of judges led to both Marbury vs. Madison and Jefferson’s crusade against federalist judges • Historians say it was “another revolution” because of peaceful transfer of power

15. Jefferson’s Presidency • Jefferson’s VP was Burr, even after treachery • Jefferson wanted to reduce the range of events the national government covered • Marbury v. Madison established the principle of “judicial review.” • Jefferson tried to impeach “activist judges” (Federalists), including Supreme Court justice Samuel Chase

16. Louisiana Purchase • Began as an effort to own the Mississippi in order to get western crops to a port • Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana because his army was unable to manage wide-ranging lands (example: slave revolt in Haiti) • Buying it violated Jefferson’s ideas about the President’s power under a strict interpretation of the ConstitutionSent Lewis & Clark, who made it to Oregon, to explore and map the area.

17. Jefferson’s Foreign Policy • Louisiana Purchase showed his flexibility • Barbary Pirates—a success for him • Stayed neutral between England and France, leading to the unpopular Embargo Act • Embargo Act: Banned all trade with Europe (extremely unpopular) • Non-Intercourse Act: Allowed trade with anyone except France and Spain • Later French agreement caused anger with Britain (result of Macon’s Bill No. 2)

18. James Madison’s Presidency • Fourth president—Jefferson’s hand-picked successor • Democratic-Republican at time of his election • President during War of 1812 (Mr. Madison’s War)

19. Conflicts with Indians • Prophet and Tecumseh, Shawnee brothers, tried to unite Indians against U.S. in Ohio Valley • Fought future President Wm. Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in Ohio

20. War of 1812 • “War Hawks” in Congress, including John Calhoun (SC) and Henry Clay (KY), wanted war to end economic problems • Impressments were still the main problem • Battle of New Orleans technically happened after end of war • Victory for U.S. led by Andrew Jackson

21. Hartford Convention • New Englanders (strongly Federalist) did not want war but were ignored • Went to convention out of opposition to War of 1812 • Looked like traitors because of violation of embargoes • Took arguments to Washington but looked unpatriotic • Led to demise of Federalist Party

22. American System • Designed to meet needs for U.S. economic progress • Created a bank and a system of roads and bridges

23. Sectional differences • Southeast: Agrarian, wanted more land, no limits on slavery • Northeast: Industrial, anti-slavery • West: Agrarian, mixed on slavery, needs transportation Important leaders: John C. Calhoun (SC): South Daniel Webster (MA): Northeast Henry Clay (KY): West

24. Missouri Compromise • Begins with problem of Louisiana Purchase land: slave or free? • Balance of slave vs. free states at stake • Admits Missouri as slave, Maine as free state • Bans slavery above 36’30” line in La. Purchase • Does not guarantee balance in future

25. Monroe’s Presidency • Era of Good Feelings (a time of nationalism, lack of parties) • Monroe Doctrine: U.S. will not tolerate new colonies of Europe in Western Hemisphere • Oversaw territory gain • Adams-Onis—Oregon, sets line between La. Purchase and Br. Canada) • Rush-Bagot—Division between La. Purchase & Spain • Florida