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After May 4 1919—new debate about nature and speed of change necessary for China

After May 4 1919—new debate about nature and speed of change necessary for China Gradual cultural changes will eventually lead to the types of political change we as a generation want Rapid political changes are necessary, they will guide cultural change.

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After May 4 1919—new debate about nature and speed of change necessary for China

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  1. After May 4 1919—new debate about nature and speed of change necessary for China • Gradual cultural changes will eventually lead to the types of political change we as a generation want • Rapid political changes are necessary, they will guide cultural change

  2. Chinese Society in the 1920sRural Communities in Decline • Flood/Drought cycle continues in many destitute places • Average landholdings per family 3-5 acres • Most families rent part of their landholdings from wealthier, landowning class—50-70% of harvest goes to rent • Predatory activity of warlord armies taking their toll • State “involution”

  3. Urban China 1920s • Coastal cities like Shanghai—the forefront of New Culture—centers of student activism • New Consumer culture • Growing middle class • Rising urban labor force—a target for Nationalism and Communist mobilization • New opportunities for women, but also exploitation • May 30th 1925: Power of popular nationalism

  4. Hu Shi (1891-1961) 胡适 • leading voice for a kind of liberal pragmatism • evolution not revolution • Opens the debate with an article: “More Study of Problems, Less Talk of Isms” • Don’t cling to “isms” like Marxism, etc. as all for one solutions to China’s problems

  5. Li Dazhao (Li Ta-chao) (1889-1927) 李大钊 • First to interpret and spread Marxism in China • Revolution not Evolution • Direct political action now • Marxism is an all-encompassing solution for China’s problems • Influenced by success of Russian Revolution 1917

  6. Chinese Communist Party 共产党 • Soviet Union as model: Karakhan Declaration 1919 • Role of the Comintern and Soviet advisors • Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao: early leaders • “bloc within”: Chinese communist party unites with Nationalist party • Initially a successful alliance between the two • Work-Study in France, Soviet Union

  7. Chinese Marxism • An exciting, powerful concept in the 1920s, not the failure we think of today • Class struggle and nationalism: get rid of oppressive classes= strong nation • Speed: no time to play catch up: China can and must leap into socialism • Peasants: for Li Dazhao and Mao, they are the key to revolution, but in the revolution of the 1920s, not all Communists share this view.

  8. The Nationalist Party: Guomindang国民党 • The return of Sun Yat-sen • Soviet advisors: Mikhail Borodin • “democratic centralism” and party organization • Sun’s Ideology revisited: the Three Principles of the People • Factions: rightist, leftist, center/military

  9. Mikhail Borodin(1884-1948)

  10. Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi)蒋介石(1888-1975) • A military man • Underworld connections in Shanghai • Heads the Whampoa military academy in 1924 • A centrist: but distrustful of the left, of Soviets, and of Chinese communists • Heads the National Revolutionary Army of the Nationalist Party

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