Growth and Expansion

1. 1790-1825 Growth and Expansion

2. Economic Growth • Essential Question: • What effects did the Industrial Revolution have on the U.S. economy?

3. The Growth of Industry • Mid 1700s – the way goods were made in Great Britain began to change • Goods began to be made in mills and factories • People left home to earn money • ***Industrial Revolution***

5. The Growth of Industry • Characteristics of New England that led to the Industrial Revolution • Poor soil made farming difficult • Had plenty of streams and rivers for water power • Close to natural resources (coal and iron in Pennsylvania) • Many ports for raw materials to be shipped into

6. Water Power

7. New Technology Leads to Industrial Revolution • Individual • Eli Whitney • Contribution • Cotton Gin (1793) • Characteristics • Removed seeds from cotton quickly and efficiently • Used interchangeable parts • Effects • Interchangeable parts allowed for production on a large scale • Reduced the price of goods

8. New Technology Leads to Industrial Revolution • Individual • Samuel Slater • Contribution • Duplicated British machines that made cotton thread • Characteristics • Pawtuckett, RI • Company made cotton thread that women in their homes then sewed into cloth • Effects • Marked an important step in the Industrial Revolution in the United States

9. New Technology Leads to Industrial Revolution • Individual • Francis Cabot Lowell • Contribution • Factory System (1814) • Characteristics • All stages of cloth making were performed under one roof • Effects • Increases efficiency • Lowers cost

10. Free Enterprise • Industrial growth requires an economic system that allows competition to flourish with little government interference • Capitalism: Individuals put their capital (money) into a business hoping the business will make a profit • Free enterprise: People are free to buy, sell and produce whatever they want • Competition • Profit • Private Property • Economic Freedom

11. Agriculture Expands • Agriculture is still the country’s leading economic activity • Small farms in the North, large plantations using slave labor in the South • Agriculture in west is expanding as well

12. Economic Independence • Growth of factories and trade led to development of corporations (large businesses) • Cities sprung up near waterways for easy transportation of goods • Buildings made of wood or brick • Unpaved streets with animals wandering • No sewers = high risk of disease • Fire • Jobs and attractions outweigh risks of living in the city

13. Reading in Text Book • Page 310-311

14. Making Connections • How did inventions like the cotton gin and interchangeable parts revolutionize the textile industry? • Answer the Essential Question: What effects did the Industrial Revolution have on the United States economy?

15. Personal Writing • It is 1830, and you have just moved to New York City. Write a letter to your friends back on the farm describing what your new life is like. Be sure to make comparisons about the two different life styles within your letter. (Use at least 12 sentences).

16. Westward Bound • Essential Question: • How did land and water transportation affect Westward Expansion?

17. Moving West • Population explodes and people move west • Transportation routes such as roads improved as settlers moved west • Difficult journey – 363 mile trip from NYC to Buffalo could take three weeks

18. Road Travel • Turnpikes (toll roads) • Base of crushed stone • Muddy! • One national road built from Maryland to Illinois as a military necessity

19. River Travel • Boats could carry larger loads than wagons • Obstacles • Needed goods to travel east to west while most rivers run north to south • Difficult to travel upstream • Steamboat developed: Powerful engine that could move goods upstream

20. Canal Travel (Erie Canal) • Wanted to link Albany to Buffalo, NY • DeWitt Clinton • 363 miles long • Thousands of laborers (mainly Irish immigrants) faced harsh conditions while building • Lock system provided a way to raise and lower boats at places where canal levels changed

21. The Erie Canal • ***The success of the Erie Canal led to an explosion in canal building. By 1850, the United States had more than 3,600 miles of canals. Canals lowered the cost of shipping goods and brought prosperity to the towns along their routes. Perhaps most important, they linked regions of a growing country.***

22. The Erie Canal

28. Western Settlement • Americans continued to move westward, settling near rivers so they could ship their goods to markets • As population grew, new states were created • 1791-1803 (Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio) • 1816-1821 (Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi, Alabama, Missouri) • Life in the west did not include conveniences of Eastern town life

29. Making Connections • What were the benefits of canal travel? • Answer the Essential Question: How did land and water transportation affect westward expansion?

30. Unity and Sectionalism • Essential Question: • What issues divided the country at the end of the Era of Good Feelings?

31. The Era of Good Feelings • After the War of 1812, a new spirit of nationalism spread throughout the US • Federalist Party faded out • Republican James Monroe wins election of 1816 • Extremely dignified and well liked • Nation was united and free of political strife

32. Sectionalism • Regional differences brought an end to the Era of Good Feelings • Americans thought of themselves as Northerners, Southerners and Westerners • Disagreed over issues of • Slavery • Tariffs • National bank • Internal improvements (roads and canals)

33. Sectionalism • John C. Calhoun • Planter from South Carolina • Opposed national programs • Supported state sovereignty • Opposed high tariffs (raised prices on manufactured goods the South could not produce themselves)

34. Sectionalism • Daniel Webster • Massachusetts Senator • Favored Tariff of 1816 (Protected American industry from foreign competition) • Defended the nation as a whole against sectional interests

35. Sectionalism • Henry Clay • War Hawk during War of 1812 • Speaker of the House of Representatives • Represented interests of Western States • Tried to resolve sectional disputes

36. The Missouri Compromise • Issue: Whether or not to allow slavery in new states that joined the union • Henry Clay’s Missouri Compromise: States admitted to the Union north of the • 36 30’ N parallel would be free states • Also included the American System • Protective tariff • A program of internal improvements • National bank (Second National Bank of the United States) • Many Southerners did not approve of Clay’s system

38. McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819) • State of Maryland imposed a tax on the Second National Bank of the US • Issue goes to the Supreme Court • Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Maryland had no right to tax the bank • ***Strengthened the power of the federal government***

39. Gibbons vs. Ogden • Established that states could not make laws that would interfere with Congressional power over interstate commerce (between states) • Increased federal power at the expense of state power

40. Making Connections • Describe the overall feeling in the U.S. after the War of 1812. • Essential Question: What issues divided the country at the end of the Era of Good Feelings?

41. Foreign Affairs • Essential Question: • How did the United States define its role in foreign affairs in the early 1800s?

42. Relations with Britain • 1818 – Set the boundary of the Louisiana Territory between U.S. and Canada at the 49th parallel • Each country agreed to maintain its border without armed forces

43. Relations with Spain • US claimed West Florida as part of the Louisiana Purchase • Spain objected but took no actions • Andrew Jackson took two Spanish forts in East Florida to stop Seminole raids in America • Adams – Onis Treaty: US gains East Florida in 1819

44. Monroe Doctrine • Facing threat from European countries helping Spain to regain its North and South American holdings, James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine (1823) • US would not interfere with any existing European colonies in the Americas • Stated North and South American would not be considered as subjects for future colonization

45. Making Connections • Why was the Monroe Doctrine issued? • Answer the Essential Question: How did the US define its role in foreign affairs in the early 1800s?