GROWTH AND EXPANSION

1. GROWTH AND EXPANSION 1790-1825 Homework: *READ 314-319 due 4/20 *DEFINE Key Terms Chapter 10 ( 306, 314, 321) due Friday 4/20

2. I. Economic Growth • A. The Growth Of Industry • 1. The invention of machinery that ran on water power and performed some of the work involved in cloth making encouraged people to leave their homes and farms to work on the machines in mills, built along rivers, for wages.

3. B. The Industrial Revolution in New England • 1. The change from people working in their homes or in workshops to produce goods, to working in factories, is called the Industrial Revolution. • 2. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain, took root in New England around 1800. • 3. New England’s geographic location, near water with many ports, and close to resources like coal and iron in Pennsylvania, was an advantage for manufacturing. • 4. The economic system of the U.S. is called capitalism. • 5. Free enterprise is another term used to describe the American economy.

4. C. New Technology • 1. The invention of new machines and technology; scientific discoveries that simplify work were key to the Industrial Revolution. • 2. Most mills were built near rivers since the new machines ran on water power. • 3. In 1785 for the first time a steam engine provided power for a cotton mill. • 4. In 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, a simple machine that removed the seeds from cotton. • 5 In 1790 Congress passed a patent law to protect the rights of those who developed inventions.

5. II. NEW ENGLAND FACTORIES • The British tries to keep their industrial technology a secret. • A British factory worker memorized the design of a machine to make cotton thread and took over management of a cotton mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. • In 1814 Francis Cabot Lowell opened a textile plant in Massachusetts that for the first time places all of the stages of cloth making under one roof. • Lowell’s system was called the factory system, a system that brought manufacturing steps together in one place to increase efficiency.

6. A. Interchangeable Parts • 1. Eli Whitney started the use of interchangeable parts; machine parts that could be quickly put together to make a complete product.

7. B. Agriculture Expands • 1. Though many New Englander’s went to work in factories, more than 65% of Americans still lived and worked on farms. • 2. In the West agriculture expanded with Southern farmers moving West to plant cotton, and Western farmers North of the Ohio River raising pork, corn, and wheat.

8. C. Economic Independence • 1. Most new industries were financed by small investors. • 2. Large businesses called corporations developed rapidly in the 1830’s. • 3. In 1816 Congress chartered the second Bank of the U.S. It had the power to make large loans to businesses.

9. D. Cities Come of Age • 1. The growth of factories and trade increased the growth of towns and cities. • 2. The cities and towns were not sanitary, and in 1793, in Philadelphia, a Yellow Fever epidemic killed thousands of people. • 3. There were many health hazards in the cities, but the offer of jobs and steady wages attracted many.

10. WESTWARD BOUND

11. I. MOVING WEST 1. First census in 1790 accounted for approximately four million people. • Census ~ official count of population 2. Most people counted lived east of the Appalachian Mountains and within a few hundred miles of the Atlantic coast. 3. Changed over time, by 1820 ( approx. 30 yrs. later) population of U.S. more than doubled to about 10 million with 2 million living West of the Appalachian's. -from 4 million to 10 million -previously almost no one lived West of the Appalachian’s

12. 4. There was a lot of danger and hardship along the route to the West. • A trip from New York City to Buffalo could take as long as three weeks • From N.J. to Buffalo takes 8 hours by bus • Approx. 1.5 hours to New York from N.J., so approx. 6.5 hours from NYC to Buffalo • 3 weeks or 6.5 hours…..you choose

13. A. Roads and Turnpikes • 1. Private companies built turnpikes or toll roads for shipment of goods to and from their company. • The tolls helped to pay for construction as they do today • Roads built mostly of crushed stone • If land was frequently muddy, companies built “corduroy”—logs laid side by side like ridges of corduroy cloth

14. 2. National Road- built to connect Ohio with the East • 1803 Ohio joined the union and asked the federal government to build a road connecting to the East. • In 1806 congress approved the funds however, it wasn’t until five years later that they agreed on a route • Work stopped on the road during the War of 1812, so the first part did not open until 1818 • Roads viewed as military necessity however the congress did not take on other road projects

15. B. River Travel • 1. GOOD AND BAD • +Good for transporting goods in large loads • +More convenient • +More comfortable • -Waterways flow in the North-South direction • -Goods were headed East to West • -Traveling against the current was very difficult with a large load

16. 2. There were small boats developed to run on steam power, however none of them had a powerful enough engine to withstand the strong winds and currents. • 3. 1802 Robert Fulton was hired by Robert Livingston, a political and business leader, to develop a steamboat with a more powerful engine than ever before. • Livingston wanted the steamboat to carry cargo and passengers up the Hudson River from New York City to Albany.

17. 4. In 1807 the designed steamboat made the 150 mile trip in just 32 hours(1 day and 8 hours…. just under 5 mph) • The trip would have taken four days if only sails were used. • The Clermont was 140 feet long and 14 feet wide. • It included: • A deck to stroll on • A place to sit • Sleeping compartments below the deck • A noisy but smooth ride

18. 5. The price of shipping decreased and was faster, therefore people began to use shipping more than land travel.

19. II. CANALS • 1. Originally steamboats depended strictly on the existing waterways. • They could not efficiently tie the Eastern and Western parts of the countries together. • 2. Plan to connect New York City with the Great Lakes Region. • 3. An artificial waterway called a canal would be built across New York State, connecting Albany on the Hudson River with Buffalo on Lake Erie.

20. A. Building the Erie Canal • 1. Built by Irish Immigrants • 2. 363 miles long • 3. Built locks along the route • Locks- separate compartments where water levels changed to raise and lower boats to the water levels of the canal

21. 4. The canal opened on October 26, 1825 • Took over 2 years of digging • 5. De Witt Clinton, who came up with the plan to build a waterway, was a business and government official. • 6. In the canals early years steamboats were not allowed because of their powerful engines. • The engines could damage the earthen embankments (walls of dirt packed tightly)

22. 7. Horses and mules would pull the barges and boats. • A 100 ton barge could be pulled about 24 miles in one day…this was considered very fast. • 8. The canal banks were reinforced around the 1840’s to accommodate steam boats pulling barges. • 9. Brought down cost of shipping. • 10. By 1850 more than 3,600 miles of canal were built. • 11. Most importantly it helped to Unite a growing country.

23. II. Western Settlement • 1. New states came in waves • First wave 1791 and 1803 • Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio • Second wave 1816 and 1821 • Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi, Alabama, Missouri • 2. Ohio in 1800 had only 45,000 settlers and by 1820 it had 581,000 • 3. Most people originally moved near the rivers (Ohio and Mississippi) with people from their original town, but as canals were developed they moved further inland.

24. UNITY and SECTIONALISM

25. I. THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS • 1. No major political divisions after the War of 1812. • 2. Doubts of Federalist loyalty weakened the party. • 3. James Monroe, a republican, won the election of 1816. • 4. James Madison, president before Monroe, called for tariffs to protect industry, for a national bank, and for other programs.

26. 5. At a time when political differences were placed in the background, a Boston newspaper deemed these years, the Era of Good Feelings. • 6. Monroe was the first president since Washington to tour the nation. • 7. Monroe was reelected in 1820.

27. II. SECTIONALISM GROWS • 1. Although there was some time of good feelings, it soon came to an end. • 2. As more national policies arose, so did the people’s loyalty to their regions. • 3. Three people took the lead in representing the multiple regions. • John C. Calhoun for the South • Daniel Webster for the North • Henry Clay for the West

28. A. John C. Calhoun • Planter from South Carolina • One of the War Hawk’s who had called for a war with Great Britain in 1812 • He remained a nationalist until approx. the 1820’s when his views started to change • Argued that high tariffs protected inefficient manufacturers.

29. B. Daniel Webster • Elected to congress in 1812 to represent his native New Hampshire and later was elected to represent Massachusetts in both the House and the Senate. • He favored the policies that protected American industries from foreign competition, strengthened the nation and helped the North. • Webster gained fame as one of the greatest orators/speakers of his day.

30. C. Henry Clay • A War Hawk from Kentucky, Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1811, and represented the interests of the Western states. • Known as the National leader who tried to resolve sectional disputes through compromise. • D. The Missouri Compromise • Problem: the South wants Missouri, as part of the Louisiana Purchase, to be admitted as a slave state. • Northerners want Missouri to be admitted as a free state. • Henry Clay helped to work out the Missouri Compromise in March of 1820. • The Compromise said that Missouri would be a slave state and Maine would be a free state and slavery would be banned in the upper part of the Louisiana territory.

31. III. THE AMERICAN SYSTEM • 1. Henry Clay’s ‘American System’ included a protective tariff; a program to build roads and canals to stimulate trade; and a national bank to lend money to build developing industries. • 2. Thomas Jefferson and many people in the South saw no benefits for the South from the tariff or internal improvements. • 3. Congress adopted some internal improvements and created the Second National Bank in 1816.

32. A. McCulloch v. Maryland—1819 court case • 1. The state of Maryland taxed the Baltimore branch of the Second Bank of the U.S.- a federal constitution. • 2. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Maryland had no right to tax the bank because it was a federal institution. • B. Gibbons v. Ogden • 1. This established that states could not enact legislation that would interfere with Congressional power over interstate commerce. • 2. People who supported states rights believed that the decision increased federal power at the expense of state power, but nationalists welcomed the rulings support for national power.

33. IV. FOREIGN AFFAIRS • 1. The war of 1812 increased American’s pride in their country. • Relations with Britain - In 1817, in the Rush-Bagot Treaty, the U.S. and Britain agreed to put limits on the number of vessels each could have on the Great Lakes. - The Convention of 1818 set the official boundary between the U.S. and Canada, and gave American’s the right to settle in the Oregon country.

34. B. Relations with Spain • 1. Spain owned East Florida and claimed West Florida. • 2. The U.S. said that they own West Florida because it was part of the Louisiana purchase • 3. April 1818- General Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish East Florida and seized control of 2 Spanish forts. • 4. Jackson had only been ordered to stop Seminol Indian raids on American territory from Florida, • 5. Not everyone in government was happy about the situation, but Secretary of State John Quincy Adams backed Jackson.

35. C. Adams-Onis Treaty---1819 • 1. Spain gave East Florida to the U.S. and gave up all claims to West Florida. • 2. In return the U.S. gave up it’s claim to Spanish Texas and took over the responsibility of paying 5 million dollars that American citizens claimed Spain owed them for damages. • 3. Spain and the U.S. agreed on a border between the U.S. and Spanish possessions to the West.

36. V. LATIN AMERICAN REPUBLICS • In the early 1800’s Spain controlled an empire of colonies in the South Western U.S. , Mexico, and Central America, and all of South America except Brazil. 2. In 1821 Mexico gained it’s independence from Spain, but this did not bring social and economic change.

37. A. Bolivar and San Martin • 1. Independence in South America came largely as a result of the efforts of Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin. • 2. By 1824 most of South America had freed itself from Spain. • 3. Spain’s empire in the America’s had shrunk to Cuba, Puerto Rico, and a few Caribbean islands. • B. The Monroe Doctrine • 1. In December 1823 President Monroe states that the U.S. will not interfere with any existing European colonies in the Americas, and that the U.S. would oppose any new colonies. • 2. In 1823 the U.S. did not have the power to enforce the Monroe doctrine, but it became an important part in American foreign policy.