Motivation

1. Motivation • Chapter 6

3. Motivation Defined • A set of energetic forces that originate within and outside an employee that initiates work-related effort and determines its direction, intensity, and persistence • What do you do? • How hard do you do it? • How long do you do it?

4. Theories of Motivation • Several theories attempt to summarize the key factors that foster high motivation: • Expectancy theory • Goal setting theory • Equity theory • Psychological empowerment

5. Expectancy Theory • Motivation is fostered when the employee believes three things: • That effort will result in performance • That performance will result in outcomes • That those outcomes will be valuable

6. Expectancy Theory

7. Expectancy • Effort → Performance • Can be hindered by: • Lack of necessary resources • Lack of supportive leadership • Low self-efficacy

8. Expectancy

9. Instrumentality • Performance → Outcomes • Can be hindered by: • Poor methods for measuring performance, as Instrumentality could actually be rewritten to be Performance → Evaluation → Outcomes • Inadequate budget to provide outcomes, even when performance is high • Use of policies that reward things besides performance, such as attendance or seniority • Time delays in doling out rewards

10. Valence • Anticipated value of outcomes • Extrinsic • Intrinsic

11. Valence

12. Valence • Why does pay have such a high valence? • The meaning of money • Achievement • Respect • Freedom

13. Expectancy Theory • Motivation = (E→P) x Σ[(P→O) x V] • Key aspect: multiplicative effects • Motivation is zero if either expectancy, instrumentality, or valence is zero

14. Goal Setting Theory • Motivation is fostered when employees are given specific and difficult goals • Rather than no goals, easy goals, or “do your best” goals

15. Goal Setting Theory

16. Goal Setting Theory

17. Equity Theory • Motivation is maximized when an employee’s ratio of “outcomes” to “inputs” matches those of some “comparison other” • Thus motivation also depends on the outcomes received by other employees

18. Equity Theory • Are these really equal?

19. Equity Theory • What emotion do you feel in this case? • What methods can be used to restore equity?

20. Equity Theory • What emotion do you feel in this case? • What methods can be used to restore equity?

21. Psychological Empowerment • An intrinsic form of motivation derived from the belief that one’s work tasks are contributing to some larger purpose • Fostered by four beliefs: • Meaningfulness • Self-Determination • Competence • Impact

22. How Important is Motivation?

23. Application